Chapter 4

1. The semi-fluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the: nA. stroma.nB. cytoplasm.nC. ribosome.nD. nucleoplasm.

2. A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a: nA. nucleolus.nB. cell.nC. nucleus.nD. plasma membrane.

3. The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the: nA. mitochondria.nB. plasma membrane.nC. vesicle.nD. Golgi apparatus.

4. Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic _____. nA. cytoplasmnB. ribosomesnC. cytoskeletonnD. capsulesnE. nucleoids

5. The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is: nA. punctuated equilibrium.nB. endosymbiosis.nC. evolution.nD. symbiosis.

6. Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the: nA. cytoplasm.nB. cytoskeleton.nC. nucleus.nD. plasma membrane.

7. Integrins are glycoproteins that help link the cytoskeleton and the: nA. extracellular matrix.nB. ribosomes.nC. cytoplasm.nD. cell wall.

8. Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio: nA. stays the same.nB. is squared.nC. increases.nD. is cubed.nE. decreases.

9. Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are: nA. vacuoles.nB. lysosomes.nC. liposomes.nD. peroxisomes.nE. plastids.

10. A circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins describes the chromosome of a (an): nA. flowering plantsnB. protozoanC. yeastsnD. bacterianE. insects

11. Who first described cells? nA. LinnaeusnB. GolginC. HookenD. LeeuwenhoeknE. Darwin

12. Schleiden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form says: nA. all cells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen and all cells are composed of one or more cells.nB. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells.nC. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen and all cells arise by division of other cells.nD. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells vary in size and shape.

13. The "X" shaped chromosomal hereditary material can be packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. This organelle is the: nA. ribosomes.nB. nucleoid.nC. nucleus.nD. mitochondria.nE. chloroplast.

14. The peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of: nA. fatty acids.nB. amino acids.nC. water molecules.nD. steroids.nE. nucleotides.

15. Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to: nA. pili.nB. ribosomes.nC. cytoskeleton proteins.nD. flagella.nE. capsules.

16. Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the: nA. cell wall.nB. plasma membrane.nC. chloroplasts.nD. nuclei.nE. plasmids.

17. Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a: nA. central vacuole.nB. centriole.nC. nucleus.nD. Golgi body.nE. chloroplast.

18. This cellular structure lacks a membrane: nA. Golgi bodynB. nucleusnC. endoplasmic reticulumnD. microbodynE. nucleoid

19. Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the: nA. cell wall.nB. capsule.nC. nucleoid area.nD. plasma membrane.nE. flagella/cilia.

20. The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called: nA. organelles.nB. cilia.nC. flagella.nD. receptors.nE. chromosomes.

21. Ribosomes are made up of: nA. only protein molecules.nB. only RNA molecules.nC. DNA and RNA.nD. protein and RNA.nE. only DNA molecules.

22. The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called the: nA. mitochondrion.nB. vacuole.nC. smooth ER.nD. Golgi body.nE. nucleus.

23. In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in: nA. phospholipid assembly.nB. export of enzymes.nC. energy release/capture.nD. lipid synthesis.nE. protein synthesis.

24. The major histocompatibility complex is important in a T-cell's ability to: nA. recognize specific bacteria.nB. recognize self from nonself.nC. recognize specific parasites.nD. recognize specific viruses.

25. Nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except: nA. RNA only outward.nB. proteins inward and outward.nC. DNA molecules only outward.

26. The nucleolus is the site of: nA. chromosome replication.nB. uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes.nC. lipid synthesis.nD. protein synthesis.nE. ribosome assembly.

27. Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only: nA. during cell division.nB. after the cell is dead.nC. while the DNA is being copied into RNA.nD. while the nuclear pores are open.nE. while the proteins are being assembled.

28. A doctor diagnosis a child with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) a disorder in which there is an accumulation of long fatty acid chains accumulating in the cells of the central nervous system. The issues arise with malfunctions in enzymes associated with what organelle? nA. Golgi bodiesnB. ribosomesnC. vacuolesnD. peroxisomesnE. endoplasmic reticulum

29. Peroxisomes are examples of: nA. lysosomes.nB. chromosomes.nC. microbodies.nD. nucleosomes.nE. ribosomes.

30. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain: nA. pigments.nB. pores.nC. DNA.nD. channels.nE. plasma membranes.

31. The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is the: nA. chloroplasts.nB. ER.nC. mitochondria.nD. nucleus.nE. lysosome.

32. Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of: nA. protein fibers in a helical arrangement.nB. nine triplets of microtubules in a circle.nC. actin filaments in a 9 + 2 arrangement.nD. microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement.

33. The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called: nA. Gram stain.nB. chlorophyll.nC. hemoglobin.nD. chromatin.nE. keratin.

34. The spreading of cancer cells, wound healing, and blood clotting all rely on the same type of cell movement called: nA. swimming.nB. waving.nC. crawling.nD. whipping.

35. A team of researchers is studying the external structures on the dorsal (back) surface of a spider mite. The spider mite seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite, which is approximately 0.05mm. While they can see the dorsal surface of the spider mite with their naked eye, they cannot see the mite clearly. The researchers are writing a grant to provide support for a microscope to use to study these new mites. They need to purchase a microscope with a high magnification to observe the new mites on their habitat. It is not necessary for them to observe living mites. Based on the information given, what type of microscope would you suggest? nA. transmission electron microscopenB. scanning electron microscopenC. dissecting microscopenD. binocular compound light microscope

36. A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are so many ribosomes. You respond, nA. "This tissue exports lipids and is very involved with mRNA production."nB. "This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body."nC. "This tissue exports various nucleic acids, hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells."

37. You stain a cell with a dye that reacts with an enzyme found in the lysosome. You would also expect to see this dye in: nA. nucleus.nB. cytoplasm.nC. endoplasmic reticulum.nD. mitochondria.

38. A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell? nA. the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatusnB. the synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulumnC. the movement of vesicles from mitochondria to the Golgi apparatusnD. the movement of materials from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane

39. Plants, fungi and bacterial all have: nA. mitochondrianB. cell wallsnC. lysosomesnD. nucleinE. chloroplasts

40. Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. After using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein, you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3-D image. Which microscope should you use? nA. confocal microscopenB. scanning electron microscopenC. fluorescence microscopenD. phase-contrast microscope

41. Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments, with an optimum growth temperature of about 80C. What feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures? nA. Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.nB. Archaea have two cell walls which helps prevent heat absorption.nC. Archaea are highly adaptable to changing environmental temperatures.nD. Archaea use the heat from their environment to produce ATP.

42. Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption? nA. rough ERnB. Golgi apparatusnC. lysosomenD. nucleus

43. You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed? nA. Golgi apparatus and ERnB. Golgi apparatus and nucleusnC. ER and ribosomesnD. ER and nucleus

44. Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, what cellular structures must you include? nA. ribosomesnB. nucleusnC. mitochondrianD. cell wall

45. When a vesicle moves along microtubules toward the center of the cell, the molecular motor(s) _____ are used? nA. both kinesin and dyneinnB. dyneinnC. kinesinnD. Molecular motors are not required for movement along microtubules.

46. A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein? nA. The protein would continue on to the cell surface.nB. The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.nC. The protein would return to the ER via the cis face of the Golgi.nD. The protein would exit the Golgi, but instead be targeted to the cytoplasm.

47. If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue, what experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable? nA. immunohistochemistry, dark-field microscopynB. DAPI or Hoechst stains, fluorescence microscopynC. immunohistochemistry, bright-field microscopynD. antibody interference assay, bright-field microscopy

48. During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate? nA. ribosome assemblynB. chromatin formationnC. formation of the nucleolusnD. protein synthesis

49. Cardiac muscle cells are connected by special junctions called intercalated discs. Intercalated discs provide strength between cells of tissues which exhibit high mechanical stress, strong flexible connections between tissue cells, and electrical excitability between the cells. Using this information, what junctions are present in intercalated discs? nA. tight, plasmodesmata, and adherensnB. tight, plasmodesmata, and desmosomesnC. gap, adherens, and desmosomesnD. gap, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes.nE. adherens, tight, and gap

50. Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily? nA. OxygennB. SugarsnC. Amino acidsnD. Potassium ions

51. Individuals that are heavy smokers may eventually have trouble clearing the mucous from their lungs because the structures that move fluid along the epithelial lining of the lung become damaged over time. What are these structures called? nA. PilinB. FlagellanC. Cell wallsnD. Cilia

52. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin? nA. Impaired oxygen synthesisnB. Impaired protein synthesisnC. Impaired DNA synthesisnD. Impaired ATP synthesis

53. If the function of centrioles was impaired in a cell, it could not: nA. conduct photosynthesis.nB. divide.nC. make ATP.nD. synthesize proteins.nE. produce lysosomes.

54. When looking at plant and animal cells with an electron microscope, you notice that the plant cells have more Golgi membranes than the animal cells. How might you explain this? nA. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of cell walls.nB. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of chloroplasts.nC. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of cytoplasm.nD. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of ribosomes.nE. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of mitochondria.

55. Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSD II), also known as Pompe disease, is a metabolic disorder that leads to the accumulation of glycogen in muscles and neurons throughout the body. It is caused by a defect in an enzyme that is normally housed with other enzymes that are involved in breaking down large macromolecules. What organelle is most likely affected by this disease? nA. NucleusnB. Rough ERnC. LysosomenD. MitochondrionnE. Golgi body

56. Scientists believe that stimulating growth of algae and other organisms can reduce carbon dioxide amounts in the atmosphere. What is vital to removal of carbon dioxide? nA. Central vacuolenB. Matrix in mitochondrianC. Cellulose in cell wallnD. Stroma in chloroplastsnE. Number of amyloplasts

57. Cardiac muscle has prolonged contraction due to a sodium induced-calcium released process into the cytoplasm of the cell. Cardiac cells can communicate through pore-like channels between cells. List the junction and the organelle involved in cardiac muscle contraction? nA. Gap; Golgi apparatusnB. Gap; Rough ERnC. Adherens; Smooth ERnD. Adherens; Rough ERnE. Gap; Smooth ERnF. Adherens; Golgi apparatus

58. Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except: nA. mitochondrial DNAnB. nuclear DNAnC. cytoplasmic DNA

59. What is the difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts? nA. n Mitochondria have linear strands of DNA and chloroplasts have rings of DNA. nnB. n Mitochondria have three membranes and chloroplasts have two membranes. nnC. nMitochondria produce oxygen and chloroplasts produce carbon dioxide.n nnD. Mitochondria are oxidative metabolic bacteria derivatives and chloroplasts are photosynthetic bacteria derivatives.

60. If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma? nA. 1nB. 2nC. 3nD. 4

61. As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell, how many membranes will it pass? nA. 1nB. 2nC. 3nD. 4

62. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are different in size. What is a plausible explanation? nA. Prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.nB. Eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.nC. Prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.nD. Eukaryotes are immobile allowing them to grow larger.nE. Prokaryotic cell walls limit their cell growth.

63. A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm X 1mm X 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell? nA. 1mm3 : 6mm2 nB. 3mm3 : 3mm2 nC. 1mm3 : 3mm2 nD. 3mm3 : 1mm2

64. Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. What cell structure had most likely had contracted? nA. cytoplasm nB. cell wall nC. plasma membrane nD. vacuole