Bio Midterm 2 Chapter 4

1) Which of the following is an example of an unrefined food? a) Buttermilk pancake b) Cornflakes cereal c) Oatmeal d) White bread

2) Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in the past few decades has been implicated in causing obesity.

3) Whole-grain products include the endosperm, bran, and germ components of the grain.

4) Which section of the kernel is a rich source of vitamin E? a) A b) B c) C d) D

5) The process of enrichment adds back all of the nutrients that are lost during processing.

6) Some foods made with refined grains can contain more of some nutrients and less of others than foods made from whole grains.

7) Refined sugars added to food during processing or at the table account for about 16% of the calories consumed in the typical American diet.

8) Which is less refined? a) granola cereal b) oatmeal

9) Refined sugars look chemically very different from sugars that occur naturally in foods.

10) Which of the following statements regarding glucose is FALSE? a) Glucose is the main component of starch and glycogen. b) Glucose is also called blood sugar. c) Glucose is the most common disaccharide in our diet. d) Glucose is the most important carbohydrate fuel for the human body.

11) Which of the following represents a monosaccharide:disaccharide:complex carbohydrate? a) fructose:galactose:soluble fiber b) glucose:maltose:lactose c) glucose:sucrose:insoluble fiber d) sucrose:lactose:galactose

12) Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in plants.

13. Glycogen's highly-branched structure allows it to be broken down quickly when the body needs glucose.

14) Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

15) Starch and dietary fiber are classified as: a) complex carbohydrates. b) monosaccharides. c) refined sugars. d) simple sugars.

16) Maltose and lactose are examples of complex carbohydrates.

17) _____ cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes. a) Fiber b) Glycogen c) Maltose d) Starch

18) Which of the following is a major dietary source of soluble fiber? a) Beans b) Broccoli c) Maltose d) Wheat bran

19) Pectin is a soluble fiber that is found in fruits and vegetables.

20) All of the following are good sources of insoluble fiber except: a) a Granny Smith apple. b) baked beans. c) oatmeal. d) wheat bran.

21) Which type of complex carbohydrates are depicted in the visual? a) Insoluble fiber b) Starch c) Soluble fiber d) Starch and Soluble fiber

22) Most starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occurs in which section of the GI tract? a) A b) B c) C d) D

24) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: a) colon. b) mouth. c) small intestine. d) stomach.

25) All carbohydrates are converted to glucose before they can be absorbed into the body.

26) Fiber and other indigestible carbohydrates are partially broken down by the bacteria in the: a) large intestine. b) mouth. c) small intestine. d) stomach.

27) People who are lactose intolerant: a) do not produce enough insulin. b) have an allergic reaction to lactose. c) have inadequate production of the enzyme lactase. d) produce excess amounts of pancreatic enzymes.

28) Why does someone who has lactose intolerance have gastrointestinal problems, such as abdominal distension, gas, cramping, and diarrhea? a) The lactose is an irritant to the stomach. b) The lactose in the small intestine neutralizes enzyme action. c) The undigested lactose in the intestine draws water and bacteria. d) The presence of lactose in the small intestine causes the gall bladder to contract more forcefully.

29) Because dairy products are the main source of calcium in the diet, all individuals with lactose intolerance should take a calcium supplement.

30) Which of the following statements regarding the incidence of lactose intolerance is incorrect? a) Native Alaskans have the lowest incidence of lactose intolerance. b)This map illustrates the dramatic variation in the incidence of lactose intolerance worldwide. c) Different races and ethnicities have varying rates of incidence of lactose intolerance. d) Those living in South America have the lower incidence of lactose intolerance than those living in southern Africa.

31) Only the carbohydrates that are completely digested have an impact on overall health.

32) Legumes, unripe bananas, and cold, cooked potatoes are high in resistant starch.

33) Fiber can bind certain minerals, preventing their absorption.

34) Which of the following conclusions can be accurately drawn from the results depicted in this visual? a) Following a high-fiber diet increases transit time. b) Following a low-fiber diet decreases transit time. c) Following a low-fiber diet adds weight to the weight. d) Stool weights are greater and transit times are shorter for Ugandan villagers.

35) The glycemic index is a measure of: a) how enzymes metabolize nutrients. b) how an ingested food potentially affects blood glucose levels. c) the livers' ability to convert fructose to glucose. d) the muscles' use of glycogen for energy.

36) Unrefined carbohydrates cause a greater glycemic response than refined sugars.

38) Line A shows the glycemic response after eating potatoes. Which of the following foods is most likely to cause a glycemic response similar to that shown in line A? a) Dinner roll b) Peanut butter c) Egg d) Cheddar cheese

39) The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly and how high blood glucose levels rise after carbohydrates are consumed.

40) The main function of carbohydrates in the body is to: a) conduct nerve impulses. b) enhance immune cell functioning. c) provide energy. d) stimulate genetic productivity in cells.

41) All of the following are characteristics of insulin except that: a) it is a hormone. b) prevents glucose from entering cells. c) stimulates the synthesis of protein, fat, and glycogen. d) is secreted by the pancreas.

42) The rise in blood glucose levels after eating stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone ___, causing blood glucose levels to ____. a) glucagon, drop b) glucagon, rise c) insulin, drop d) insulin, rise

43) Which of the following best describes the effect of a fiber-rich meal on the rise in blood glucose that occurs after a meal? a) The rise in blood glucose will occur more quickly b) There will be no effect on the rise in blood glucose c) The rise in blood glucose will be delayed d) None of these choices

44) In both muscle and liver cells, insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for immediate use.

45) Glucagon: a) stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen. b) promotes the synthesis of glucose. c) raises blood glucose levels. d) all of these choices

46) Anaerobic metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules: a) gluconeogensis b) glycolysis c) ketone formation d) glucagon

47) Compared to anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrate, aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates produces _______ ATP molecules for each glucose molecule. a) more b) the same amount of c) fewer

48) Oxygen is needed for glycolysis to occur.

49) The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis, or the synthesis of glucose molecules.

50) In cellular respiration, the most ATP is produced in the final step of aerobic metabolism.

51) Body proteins that are broken down to make glucose are no longer available to do their job, like to speed up a chemical reaction or to contract a muscle.

52) When there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize fatty acids, these molecules form: a) amino acids. b) carbon dioxide. c) ketones. d) oligosaccharides.

54) Fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose because: a) they are metabolized only by anaerobic processes. b) they do not have enough energy in their molecular structure to generate glucose molecules. c) the reactions that break them down produce two-carbon molecules. d) the products of their metabolism combine too quickly to form other compounds that the body uses for energy.

55) Mild ketosis can occur during times of starvation or when consuming a low-carbohydrate weight-loss plan.

56) Normal blood glucose level is expected to be less than ___ milligrams/100 milliliters of blood after an 8-hour fast. a) 100 b) 125 c) 140 d) 180

57)__________ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. a) Type 1diabetes b) Gestational diabetes c) Type 2 diabetes d) Prediabetes

59) _____ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. a) Gestational diabetes b) Prediabetes c) Type 1 diabetes d) Type 2 diabetes

60) Your friend Jason has diabetes and developed hypoglycemia. Of the following situations, which is the most likely reason why he developed hypoglycemia? a) He ate too much refined carbohydrate. b) He drank too much water. c) He took too much of his medication that is used to control his blood sugar. d) It was probably warm outside and he sweat excessively.

_______ fiber lower blood cholesterol levels. a) Insoluble b) Indigestible c) Refined d) Soluble

Whe soluble fiber is present in the digestive tract, the fiber binds _____ so that they are excreted rather than absorbed. This helps reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body. a) bile acids b) fatty acids c) ketones d) monosaccharides

All of the following statements are true about the typical US diet and carbohydrate recommendations EXCEPT: a) Adults typically eat the recommended amount of fiber b) Most adults meet the recommendations for the amount of carbohydrate they should have each day c) Most of the carbohydrate in the diet come from refined carbohydrate sources d) The diet is higher in added sugar than is recommended

The sports drink G2 has 17 grams of carbohydrate in a 20 ounce bottle. How many calories does this provide from carbohydrate? a) 18 b) 38 c) 68 d) 128

One serving (3 cookies) of Pepperidge farm Chessmen cookies provides 120 calories and 18 grams of carbohydrate. What percentage of calories is from carbohydrate? a) 72% b) 60% c) 54% d) 47%