Chapter 4: Carbohydrates And Etc

Chronic inflammation of body tissues accompanies uncontrolled diabetes and may contribute to eye, kidney, heart, and other associated problems.​ True False

The best way to control blood glucose levels in diabetes is to avoid all sugary foods.​ True False

Carbohydrate has been rightly accused of being the fattening ingredient of foods; therefore, we need to consume fewer starchy foods.​ True False

The glycemic index and glycemic load of foods may be of interest to people with diabetes who must strive to regulate blood glucose control.​ True False

You are teaching a client how to possibly lower blood cholesterol levels by consuming foods high in fiber. Which of the following foods would be least effective for this purpose?​ oat bran cereals​ ​whole-wheat breads ​black-eyed peas ​young green peas ​apples

Dietary fiber has been recommended for its possible benefits in reducing heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol. How is fiber thought to play its role in lowering blood cholesterol?​ ​-Insoluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the large intestine and is excreted in feces. ​-Viscous fiber binds with bile in the intestine and is excreted in feces. ​-Soluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the blood and is excreted by the liver. ​-Insoluble fiber converts to bile in the large intestine and binds with cholesterol. ​-Soluble fiber converts dietary cholesterol into bile, which is recycled for use in the digestive process.

You are trying to convince someone that a low-carbohydrate diet is undesirable. What would you say to support your reasoning?​ ​-Fat is readily available as fuel for the brain and red blood cells. ​-Gram for gram, carbohydrates provide more total energy than dietary fats. -​Low-carbohydrate diets are expensive and require the purchase of special foods. ​-Carbohydrates serve important functions as parts of certain protein molecules. -The adult DRI for total carbohydrate, which must be met for good health, is 300 grams per day.​

Research has shown the following relationship between carbohydrate in the diet and body weight: ​-people with higher carbohydrate intakes have higher body weights. ​-added sugars provide many of the excess calories that cause weight gain among U.S. adults. -​as people in other countries adopt "Western" style diets, they lose weight. ​-excess calories from fructose cause greater weight gain than those from other nutrients. ​-added sugar intake is most strongly linked with body weight in people with type 2 diabetes.

Among the following, the form of starch that is most easily digested in the body is:​ ​cooked beans. ​oatmeal. ​barley. ​white flour. ​oat bran.

Complex carbohydrates:​ -include both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units. -​are known as the monosaccharides and disaccharides. ​-are long chains of sugar units arranged to form starch or fiber. ​-contain calcium, hydrogen, and nitrogen. ​-are small molecules containing six carbon atoms.

If you are asked for advice on whether diets high in fiber can reduce colon cancer risk, what would you reply?​ ​-Scientific evidence proves that low-fiber diets cause colon cancer, so fiber should be included in everyone's diet. ​-You cannot eat enough fiber to receive the benefit, so you need to also include fiber supplements. -​Fiber does not play any role in the health of the colon, so it is not necessary to include large amounts in the diet. -​Fermentation of fiber in the colon provides small fat molecules that may activate cancer-destroying mechanisms. ​-The cholesterol-lowering properties of fiber are beneficial for lowering the risk of both heart disease and colon cancer.

Carbohydrates are essential to provide energy for the body because:​ ​-the glucose that is produced from them is vital to fuel most of the body's cells. -​proteins are available only to provide building block materials for tissues. -​ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells. ​-fats are not able to provide any energy to the cells. ​-they provide ketone bodies, which are the preferred energy of the body's cells.

Which monosaccharide is responsible for the sweet taste of fruit? ​glucose ​fructose ​galactose ​sucrose ​maltose

Which of the following foods contains about 15 grams of carbohydrate?​ ​2 cups of brown rice ​1 cup of cooked corn ​1/2 cup of dried fruit ​a slice of bread ​1 cup of cooked tomatoes

When the blood glucose level rises after a meal, the first organ to respond is the: ​pancreas. ​liver. ​stomach. ​gallbladder. ​kidney.

Potential harmful effects of too much fiber include:​ ​hypoglycemia. ​limited absorption of iron, zinc, or calcium. ​extreme weight loss. ​hyperglycemia. ​chronic diarrhea.

Which of the following is most closely related to diabetes?​ sugar content of the diet​ ​body fatness ​fat content of the diet ​lean body tissue ​calorie consumption

Which food component is not an example of fiber?​ "strings" of celery​ ​outer layers of kernels of wheat ​residue in milk ​skins of corn kernels ​hulls of seeds

Grapes and grape soda both provide sugars, but the grapes are a healthier choice because:​ they are more energy dense.​ ​they contain more sucrose and less fructose. ​they are less nutrient dense. ​they provide fiber and phytochemicals. ​they are essentially calorie free.

Digestible carbohydrates are broken down or converted into ____ inside the body. fructose​ ​lactose ​glucose ​galactose ​sucrose

In evaluating the potential link between high-fructose corn syrup (HCFS) and obesity, scientists have found that:​ ​-HFCS is more harmful than sucrose. ​-eating HCFS does not stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. -​the metabolic effects of sucrose and HFCS are mostly similar. -​consuming HCFS beverages on a daily basis significantly decreases triglyceride levels in the blood. ​-consumption of HCFS should be limited but sucrose intake is safe at all levels.

According to the Dietary Reference Intakes, people should obtain ____ of their daily energy from carbohydrates.​ 10%-35%​ ​45%-65% ​20%-35% ​65%-70% ​>70%

Which of the following nutrients is not required by law to be added to refined grain products?​ ​riboflavin ​folate ​magnesium ​thiamin ​niacin

The bonds that link glucose units into polysaccharides are not all the same. Which of the following is true of these bonds? -​The bonds of starch are found in plants and are easily broken by human enzymes. ​-The bonds of glycogen are found in animals and cannot be broken by human enzymes. ​-The bonds of cellulose are found in plants and are easily broken by human enzymes. -​Human enzymes cannot join glucose units. ​-Humans require help from bacteria to break starch bonds.

​Which of the following statements is false concerning the splitting of glucose for energy? ​-Inside a cell, glucose is broken in half and these two halves have two pathways open to them. ​-Glucose can be broken down to yield energy and carbon dioxide. ​-Glucose fragments can be linked together into molecules of body fat. -​Body fat can be converted into glucose to feed the brain adequately. ​-Water is a by-product of splitting glucose for energy.

Why might a very high-fiber diet be harmful for malnourished people, the elderly, and young vegan children? Low fluid intakes among these groups increase risk of intestinal blockage. High iron and zinc intakes among these groups lead to chelation interactions. The small amounts of food consumed among these groups can result in inadequate energy or nutrient intakes. Risk of hypoglycemia is higher among these groups ​Risk of heart disease is higher among these group.

In the past several decades, carbohydrate intake in this country has: ​increased along with calorie intake. ​increased along with fat intake. ​decreased while fat intake has increased. ​decreased while protein intake has increased. ​increased while body weight has declined.

The extent to which a food raises the blood glucose level and elicits an insulin response can be measured and ranked on a scale called the:​ digestibility index.​ ​glycemic index. ​hypoglycemic index. ​insulin index. ​glucose index.

Which of the following is the preferred fuel for most body functions?​ ​protein ​ketones ​carbohydrate ​fat ​fiber

​The best way to lose fat, maintain lean body tissues, and stay healthy in the long-term is to: avoid all starchy foods.​ ​control food portion sizes. ​choose low-fiber vegetables. ​eat more refined carbohydrates. ​avoid all high-fat foods.

The disaccharides include:​ ​sucrose, galactose, and maltose. ​maltose, fructose, and galactose. ​lactose, glucose, and fructose. ​sucrose, maltose, and lactose. ​sucrose, maltose, and fructose.

When fructose and glucose are bonded together they form: ​table sugar. ​malt sugar. ​milk sugar. ​fruit sugar. ​candy sugar.

​A friend says, "My diet contains no sucrose because I don't eat table sugar." Is this likely to be true? ​-Yes, because sucrose is only found in table sugar. -​No, because sucrose occurs naturally in or is added to many foods. ​-No, because sucrose occurs in germinating seeds and arises during digestion. -​No, because sucrose is found in milk. -​No, because sucrose does not have to be listed on food labels so we cannot know if we are consuming sucrose or not.

Factors that can lead to the development of hypoglycemia include all of the following except:​ ​overuse of alcohol. ​certain medications. ​pancreatic cancer. ​obesity. ​poor management of type 1 diabetes.

Which of the following is not one of the complex carbohydrates?​ most fibers​ ​glycogen ​galactose ​starch ​cellulose

Plants store glucose as starch because:​ ​animals cannot digest starch. ​the starch can be washed away by rain. ​starch is soluble in water. ​glucose is soluble in water. ​starch holds more energy per gram.

Sugar has been implicated by many people in some major health problems. One effect of sugar on health that has been shown scientifically is that:​ -​sugar consumed in large amounts leads to obesity, even when calorie intake does not exceed calorie needs. -​eating large amounts of pure sugar puts a strain on the pancreas, leading to diabetes. ​-fructose suppresses the human appetite in the same way that glucose does. -​consumption of two fructose- or sucrose-sweetened soft drinks per day for a few weeks results in significant changes in blood lipids. -​the link between sugar intake and diabetes is weaker when total calorie intakes exceed the daily need.

All of the following are health benefits of insoluble fiber except:​ it lowers risk of diabetes.​ ​it alleviates constipation. ​it lowers risk of hemorrhoids. ​it may reduce risk of rectal cancer. ​it reduces complications from diverticulosis.

All of the following compounds are fibers except:​ ​glycogen. ​cellulose. ​hemicellulose. ​pectin. ​lignin.

Which food is not a major source of soluble fiber?​ ​fruits legumes​ ​vegetables ​nonfat dairy ​seaweeds

A desirable intake of dietary fiber for a woman under age 50 is ____ daily, according to the DRI guidelines.​ ​5 grams per 1,000 calories ​10 grams per 1,000 calories ​14-15 grams ​40-55 grams ​25 grams

The incomplete breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces:​ ​glucose fragments. ​glycogen bodies. ​ketone bodies. ​amino acids. ​glucose.

Which of these protein foods are good sources of carbohydrate?​ ​lean beef and pork ​fish and shellfish ​legumes and nuts ​poultry products ​lamb and game meats

To magnify the sweetness of foods without boosting their calories, you could:​ chill sweet foods before eating them.​ ​increase the sugar added to recipes by one-half. ​choose beverages containing concentrated juice sweeteners. ​stir in spices such as marjoram, basil, or oregano. ​add small amounts of nonnutritive sweeteners to foods.