Bio Ch.35

D

epidermis

cortex

E

A

palisade mesophyll

apical meristem, increases exposure to light, elongation, occurs in plants that live only one year

growth in thickness, lateral meristem, vascular cambium cork cambium, increases vascular flow, provides structural support

occurs in plants that live many years

permanently embryonic regions within the plant body

height....girth

they continue to divide

c. vascular cambium

root cap

true

a layer of undifferentiated cells that develop into secondary xylem and phloem

to provide structural support for the plant

primary xylem

false

increase the surface area for absorption

an organ that anchors the plant, absorbs minerals, waters, and stores carbohydrates

eudicots and monocots

taproot system; tap root-main vertical root, lateral roots-or branch roots, that arise from taproot

fibrous root system; which consists of adventitious roots that arise from stems or leaves, lateral roots that arise from the adventitious roots

an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes

the point at which leaves are attached

the stem segment between nodes

structure has potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch

terminal bud is located near the shoot tip and causes elongated of a young shoot

helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

lateral shoot just below surface, shoot out vertical shoot along root

right above stems, long internodes in between (asexual reproduction)

considered a stem (an onion-layers are storage leaves)

enlarged rhizomes or stolons are used for storage of food (carbs)

consists of flattened blade, and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

the vascular tissue of leaves, most monocots have parallel veins, most eudicots have branching veins

continuous throughout the plant

skin

"fleshy" part of a plant

xylem and phloem

dermal tissue system consists of epidermis, waxy coating called the cuticle helps prevent waterless from the epidermis

protective tissues called periderm replace epidermis in outer regions

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense

long distance transport of materials between root and shoot; xylem and phloem

water and dissolved minerals

organic nutrients

is collectively called called the stele; in angiosperms the stele of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder; the stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support; pith and cortex

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

ground tissue external to vascular tissue

parenchyma, collencyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting cells of the xylem, and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

tracheids and vessel elements

in the xylem of all vascular plants; dead at maturity

end to end to form long micro pipes called vessels; dead at maturity

alive at functional maturity, lack organelles

porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both itself and the sieve-tube element it supports

a sieve tube element

parenchyma, collenchyma, sieve-tube elements and companion cells

lifelong growth; meristems and apical meristems

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

shoots and roots, a process called primary growth

organs stop growing after they reach a certain size

thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth

layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher

axillary buds

which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil

zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation, and zone of differentiation

stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

gymnosperms and many eudicots, but not monocots

wood and consist of tracheids, vessel elements and fibers

has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery

has thick-walled cells and contributes more to stem support

the vascular cambium of perennials is inactive through the winter

the heartwood, no longer transport water and minerals

still transport materials through the xylem

phelloderm and cork cells

thin layer of parenchyma cells that forms to the interior of the cork cambium

exterior of the cork cambium

waxy suberin in their walls, then die

the cork cambium, phelloderm, and cork cells it produces

periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air

all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm

xylem

1.5 m

all cells external to the vascular cambium