Molecular evidence, pollen can be used to identify
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Shared derived characteristics of land plants (5) - not shared with Charophytes
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(1) alternation of generations (2) multicellular, dependent embryos (3) walled spores produced in sporangia (4) multicellular gametangia (5) apical meristems
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Tissue (4 types)
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Group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function; meristematic , vascular, ground, dermal
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Vascular tissue (3)
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from pro cambium, carries out long-distance transport of material between roots and shoots; xylem, phloem, and stele
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Xylem
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Conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to shoots; tracheid and vessel elements
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Tracheid
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Dead at maturity, water moves from cell to cell
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Vessel Elements
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Dead at maturity, most common in angiosperms, align end to end to form long vessels; hardened with lignin
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Phloem
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Transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed; sieve tubes, sieve plates, companion cells
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Sieve tubes
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Alive at maturity, lack organelles
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Sieve plates
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Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube
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Companion cells
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Along with each sieve tube element, its nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells
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Stele
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Vascular tissue of stem or root; central vascular cylinder, vascular bundles
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Central vascular cylinder
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Angiosperms, has pericycle
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Pericycle
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Outermost layer in vascular cylinder where lateral roots arise
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Vascular bundles
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Stele of stems and leaves are divided into these strands of xylem and phloem; in eudicots they are arranged in a ring but in monocot stems they are scattered
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Ground tissue
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Includes cells specialized for storage, support, and photosynthesis; pith and cortex
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Pith
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Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
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Cortex
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Ground tissue external to vascular tissue (mostly parenchyma cells); endodermis
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Endodermis
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Innermost layer of cortex that regulates passage of substances from soil into the vascular cylinder
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Parenchyma cells
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Thin primary cell walls, active (photosynthesis) with organelles and large vacuoles, lack secondary walls, least specialized, perform most metabolic functions, retain ability to divide and differentiate
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Collenchyma cells
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Grouped into strands and help support young parts of plant shoot, thick uneven primary cell walls, lack secondary walls, alive at maturity, petiole support, flexible support without restraining growth
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Sclerenchyma cells
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Rigid thick secondary cell walls, dead at maturity, support stem and leaf veins, hard coverings of fruit; sclereids and fibers
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Sclereids
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Short and irregular in shape, thick lignified secondary walls
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Fibers
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Long and slender and arranged in threads
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Dermal
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From protoderm, epidermis and periderm
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Epidermis
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In nonwoody plants, layer of tightly packed cells; cuticle, trichomes
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Cuticle
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Waxy coating that prevents water loss
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Trichomes
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Outgrowths of shoot epidermis that helps with insect defense, water loss (hairy)
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Periderm
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Woody plants, replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
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Organ (3)
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Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions; roots, stems, leafs
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Roots (4)
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Anchor, absorb minerals and water, store carbs; taproot, lateral roots, root hairs, fibrous roots
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Taproot
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Main vertical root in eudicots and gymnosperms
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Lateral roots (eudicots and gymnosperms)
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Arise from taproot; eudicots and gymnosperms
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Fibrous root system
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Monocots; when taproot dies in embryonic stage this arises; adventitious roots and lateral roots
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Adventitious roots
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Arise from stems or leaves
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Lateral roots (monocots)
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Arise from adventitious roots
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Root hairs
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Where absorption of water and minerals occur, increases surface area
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Nodes
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Alternating system at which leaves are attached
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Internodes
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Stems between nodes
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Axillary bud
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Has potential to form a lateral shoot or branch if apical bud is removed
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Apical bud
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Located near shoot tip and causes elongation of young shoot
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Apical dominance
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Helps maintain dormancy in most axillary buds
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Rhizomes
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Horizontal shoot that grows just below surface; vertical shoos emerge from axillary buds on rhizome
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Bulb
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Vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of enlarged bases of leaves that store food (onion)
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Stolons
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Horizontal shoots that grow along the surface that allow the plant to reproduce asexually (strawberries)
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Tubers
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Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food (potatoes)
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Leaves
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Main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
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Blade
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leaf
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Petiole
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Stalk that joins the leaf to a node of the stem
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Veins
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Vascular tissue of leaves, function as a skeleton enclosed by a protective bundle sheath
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Parallel veins
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Found in monocots
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Branching veins
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Found in eudicots
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Stomata
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Allow exchange of CO2 and O2 of epidermis
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Guard cells
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Regulate opening and closing of stomata
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Mesophyll
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Ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis
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Palisade mesophyll
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Upper part of leaf in eudicots
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Spongy mesophyll
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Lower part of leaf in eudicots; loose arrangement allows for gas exchange
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Simple leaf
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Single, undivided blade, some deeply lobed
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Compound leaf
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Blade consists of many leaflets, no axillary bud at base
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Doubly compound leaf
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Each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets; allows for less tearing and resistance to pathogens
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Tendrils
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Cling and coil for support (peas, grapevines)
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Spines
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Spines of cacti are leaves that carry out photosynthesis in stems
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Storage leaves
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Succulents store water (ice plant)
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Reproductive leaves
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Succulents produce adventitious plantlets that fall off the leaf and take root in soil
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Bracts
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Surround a group of flowers to attract pollinators (poinsettia)
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Indeterminate growth
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Growth occurs throughout plant's life
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Determinate growth
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Growth ceases after reaching a certain size, animal and some plant organs (leaves, thorns, flowers)
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Annuals
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Complete their life cycle in a year or less
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Biennials
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Require two growing seasons
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Perennials
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Live for many years
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Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems?
Procambium
Ground meristem
Protoderm
Vascular cambium
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Vascular cambium; The vascular cambium is a type of cell found in lateral (not apical) meristems and is involved in secondary (not primary) growth.
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Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity?
Mucigel
Pith
Root cap
Root hairs
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Root cap; The root cap is a layer of protective cells that determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity.
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True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.
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True
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Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true?
It is located between the primary xylem and cortex.
It is a type of apical meristem.
It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem.
It develops into cork cells on the outside of the cortex.
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It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem; Vascular cambium is a type of lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem in a plant.
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Why do plants need secondary growth?
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To provide structural support for the plant
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Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth?
Primary phloem
Epidermis
Primary xylem
Cortex
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Primary xylem; the primary xylem is located close to the pith of the plant and remains a part of the plant even after several years of growth.
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True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.
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False; Primary growth results in increased length and occurs only at the apical meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.
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Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.
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Leaves
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_____ provides cells for secondary growth.
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Vascular cambium; Vascular cambium is lateral meristem that provides cells for secondary growth.
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Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.
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Center... surface; Wood, or secondary xylem, is formed toward the stem's center, and secondary phloem is formed toward the stem's surface.
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What is the function of cork?
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insulation and waterproofing (stems and roots)
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How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?
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By the division of its cells; When a vascular cambium cell divides, one cell differentiates and the other cell remains meristematic.
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Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ to the layer's interior and _____ to the layer's exterior.
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Xylem... phloem; The vascular cambium produces xylem at its interior and phloem at its exterior.
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As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the _____.
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Cork cambium; The cork cambium produces the phelloderm, phellogen, and cork cells. These cells move outward to replace epidermal cells.
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Cellular differentiation is responsible for _____.
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One daughter cell becoming a sieve tube whereas the other becomes a companion cell; Cell differentiation occurs as different genes are switched on and off.
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At which level in the hierarchy of plant structure is the polarity of a plant determined?
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Cells; The first division of the one-celled zygote establishes the polarity of the future plant.
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Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on _____.
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Regulation of gene expression; The DNA of all the somatic cells in a plant is the same. What changes during cell differentiation is which genes are turned on and which genes are turned off.
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Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____.
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Increase surface area for absorption; Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.
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Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?
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Cortex... ground tissue system
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Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?
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The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf; Veins in leaves (vascular bundles) transport materials and provide support.
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How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?
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They continue to divide; Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.
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The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____.
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Height... girth; Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.
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