Chapter 35 Biology II

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____.

What is the primary function of stems?

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between _____.

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____.

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants?

Trichomes _____.

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____.

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

Reading a bar graph Look at the bar graph of the average area of single tooth data in (Figure 1) . Going from northern to southern collection sites, what is the general trend in tooth size in leaves of Acer rubrum?

Look at the bar graph of the number of teeth per unit leaf area data in (Figure 2) . Going from northern to southern collection sites, what is the general trend in number of teeth in leaves of Acer rubrum?

To tease apart genotypic versus environmental effects on leaf development, it is useful to compare the plants collected from different locations in "common garden" experiments like these. Look at Figure 2. Compare the trees grown from seeds collected in Ontario and Florida. When you grow both kinds of trees in Rhode Island, how does their number of teeth per leaf area compare with each other?

Now look at Figure 1 again. Compare the trees grown from seeds collected in Ontario and Florida. When you grow both kinds of trees in Florida, how does their average tooth area compare with each other?

The final form that a plant attains will be determined by both its genetic heritage (genotype) and the environment. (An organism's capacity for responding to environmental change within a single genotype is called phenotypic plasticity.) However, one or the other factor can dominate during development of some features. Based on the data, which factor appears to have the most influence on leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum trees?

What data support the conclusion that genotype mostly determines leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum?

You can see from the two bar graphs that different populations of Acer rubrum from different latitudes have different leaf traits. This indicates that the different populations have adapted to their respective environments over time and therefore have different genotypes. One environmental factor that a population of trees would adapt to is climate, including average temperatures. In fact, the "toothiness" of leaf fossils of known age has been used by paleoclimatologists to estimate past temperatures in a region. If a 10,000-year-old fossilized Acer rubrum leaf from South Carolina had an average of 4.2 teeth per square centimeter of leaf area, what could you infer about the relative temperature of South Carolina 10,000 years ago compared with today? Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____.

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

Click on the diagram to open a new window. Then click in that window to start the animation. Primary growth has occurred in the region(s) indicated by the letter(s) _____.

Click on the diagram to open a new window. Then click in that window to start the animation. Secondary growth has occurred in the region(s) indicated by the letter(s) _____.

Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.

_____ provides cells for secondary growth.

The letter A indicates _____.

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

What is the function of cork?

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily _____.

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question(s) below. The main function associated with structure X is _____.

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question(s) below. The main function associated with structure Y is _____.

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.

On the graph, higher indexes indicate wider rings and higher temperatures. What does the graph indicate about environmental change during the period 1550-1993?

Cellular differentiation is responsible for _____.

Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment?

What process is most important in the expansion of plant cells?

Select the best description of the significance of the meristems of plants.

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

Growth and development of plant parts involves _____. I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that _____.

Girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted tress by cutting a groove into the bark of the tree. The groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at least -inch on small trees, and 1- inches on larger trees. Why does this procedure cause tree death?

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, _____.

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?