APUSH Chapter 27 ID's: The Cold War

30 August 2022
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Yalta Conference
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1. A great peace conference in which Roosevelt met Churchill and Stalin to discuss current issues. 2. February 1945 in the Soviet city of Yalta 3. The Big 3 agreed that the Soviet Union should receive some of the territory in the Pacific that Russia had lost in the 1904 Russo Japanese War. They also agreed on the formation of the United Nations. On other issues, the conference made no more progress. JB
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Potsdam Conference
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1. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier. 2. 1945 in Potsdam 3. Post war order was established, Nazi war criminals were to be prosecuted, and the efforts of the war were countered. JB
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Iron Curtain
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1. The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas. 2. 1945-1991 3. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances. The most notable border was marked by the Berlin Wall. JB
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Truman Doctrine
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1. A firm new policy by Truman that said, "dealing with the Soviet Union was a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." The doctrine emerged as a response to events in Europe in 1946. 2. Truman appeared before congress on March 12, 1947 3. Congress quickly approved the measure. It ultimately helped ease Soviet pressure on Turkey and helped the Greek government defeat the communist insurgents. Most important, it established a basis for American foreign policy that would survive for more than 40 years. JB
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Containment Policy
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1. A United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. This policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback. 2. Introduced in 1947 3. NATO was formed and a precedent was set for future presidents to fall back on JB
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Marshall Plan
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1. A proposal (part of the containment policy) to aid in the economic reconstruction of Europe. 2. In June, 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall announced a plan to provide economic assistance to all European nations that would join in drafting a program for recovery. 3. 16 Western European nations participated. The Marshall Plan channeled over $12 billion of American Aid to Europe, helping to spark a substantial economic revival. Also, opportunities for American trade had revived. JB
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National Security Act 1947
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1. a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. 2. 1947 3. The act reshaped the nation's major military and diplomatic institutions. It created a new department of defense to oversee all branches of the armed services. Agencies such as the NSC and CIA were formed. JB
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Berlin Airlift
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1. An effort by Truman to transport food and other resources to the citizens of Berlin who were trapped by Stalin's blockade. 2. 1948 to spring of 1949 3. The airlift continued for more than 10 months, transporting nearly 2.5 million tons of material, keeping a city of 2 million people alive, and transforming west Berlin into a symbol of the West's resolve to resist communist expansion. JB
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NATO
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1. Military alliance by western European powers and U.S/ Canada established to defend threats by Soviet Union. 2. 1949 3. The Alliance marked a giant stride forward for European Unity and American internationalism. ZZ
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Warsaw Pact
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1. Treaty that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries against the NATO; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. 2. 1945 3. The Warsaw pact provided stability between both forces and was a form of non-nuclear confrontation between Soviet and U.S ZZ
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Chinese Civil War (know both sides)
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1. The Civil ward at the end of WWII between Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist, and Mao Zedong Communists. 2. 1930s 3. U.S has supported Chiang Kai-Shek and funded him with 400 million but the money ended up with the Communists due to the corruption, therefore China was taken by communists and the Nationalists resided on the island of Taiwan. ZZ
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Events of 1949
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1. -NATO was established by Britain, France, U.S, etc. - Russia Explodes a massive bomb - Chinese Civil war between Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek takes place, and Communists won and controls China. ZZ
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NSC-68
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1. A document that pushed a large buildup for the U.S military. 2. Mid 1900s During the Korean War 3. The NSC-68 allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict. National Securtiy Council memo #68 U.S. "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 years ZZ
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GI Bill
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1. GI Bill provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of Unemployment compensation. 2. 1944 3. The GI Bill of Rights was 1944 legislation that provided major benefits to WWII veterans in the form of education opportunities along with assistance to buy homes and start businesses, thus leading to the creation and furthering of the American middle class. ZZ
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Fair Deal
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1. The Domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration. 2. 1949-53 3. The Deal included Civil rights legislation and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only parts of the New Deal programs were enacted. The Fair Deal increased the minimum wage, and improved the welfare system to prevent poverty. ZZ
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Taft- Hartley Act
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1. AKA "Slave labor laws" The Act outlawed the "closed" shop, and made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and require leaders to take a non-communist Oath. 2. 1947 3. The Taft-Hartley Act weakened labor unions by restricting their actions in organizing, the act also gave the president more power over striking workers, and empowered companies in controlling labor agreements. ZZ
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Truman's Executive Order 9980
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1. A regulation issued by President Truman in 1948 that stated that in the armed forces, everyone was to be treated equally in treatment and in opportunity no matter the race, religion, or nationality of the person. 2. 1948 3. Before the act, there was a lot of racism within the forces, and therefore not being able to fight to the best of their capabilities. Eventually by World War II the segregation started to die down because people had pointed out the hypocrisy of a segregated military fighting against racism in Nazi Germany. Thus, this document was created. Since the Korean War, the armed forces have no longer been segregated. ZZ
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Truman's Executive Order 9981
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1. An executive order that the Truman was determined in ending the segregation of the Armed Forces. 2. 1947-1948 3. This was the reason why the Dixiecrats were created, mainly because they were part of the conservative South, and didn't believe in integration. MV
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Dixiecrats/ States' Right Party
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1. A new faction in the Democratic Party by the Southern Conservatives, and nominated Governor Strom Thurmond. 2. Summer 1947 3. This schism of the Democratic Party made Truman's unlikely win even more impressive, given that he was not only unpopular, but also his party was in pieces. MV
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Election 1948
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1. Truman vs. Dewey, Dewey had been the clear favorite to win, but Truman "gave them hell", as he put it, selling his point of recreating the New Deal, and won by a very narrow margin. 2. 1948 3. With this win, the Democrats regained both houses of congress and the presidential office. MV
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Korean War
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1. When the North half of the Peninsula, the communists, invade Seoul, the pro-western half, and American intervention was immediate after that. 2. 1950 3. This was the first military engagement for the US during the Cold Wars, indirectly with Soviet Russia MV
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38th Parallel
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1. This was the stalemate line in which both N. Korea, and S. Korea have a armistice, where this marks the end of one country and start of another. This line is manned all across the Korean Peninsula 2. 1953 3. This line is still armed today, with American and South Korean soldiers manning one side, and the North Koreans manning another. MV
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Douglas MacArthur and Limiter War
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1. When General MacArthur was publically going against the presidents orders, and announcing that the USA must attack China, not have the idea of "limited war". Truman saw this speaking out of line, and relieved him of his duties. 2. 1951 3. Dougie returned a hero in the General Publics eyes, as 69% of the American people supported his decision. This just increased hostility towards Truman. MV
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HUAC
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1. The House Un- American Committee held widely publicized investigations to prove that the government was in fact in tolerated communism, claiming that the communist had infiltrated Hollywood. 2. 1947 3. This Committee help build to the sources of another Red Scare, infiltrating our government. MV
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Whittaker Chambers
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1. He had made the accusation that Alger Hiss had passed classified State Department papers to the Soviet Union, and with the help of the HUAC and Nixon, he was tried and put in jail. 2. 1948 3. This just fueled the American thoughts that there this a actual chance that there was a chance of being infiltrated by the communists. MV
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Alger Hiss
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1.Former state department official that was convicted of being a communist spy for the solviets. 2.Late 1940's 3. He was prosecuted by Richard Nixon and was convicted due to perjury not treason. This was the first of many soon to come convictions of treason in the federal government. JR
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The Hollywood Ten
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1. Ten members of the film industry in Hollywood that publicly denounced the tactics that were used by the government to seek out reds. 2.1947 3.The ten members were all convicted and sentences to long jail time. They were also banned from making any films in the United States along with many other filmmakers in Hollywood. JR
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The Rosenburgs
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1. Two Americans that were prosecuted for relaying messages back to the Soviets about the Atomic bomb. 2.Early 1950's 3. Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were both given the capital punishment. They were prosecuted for espionage and they were big help in finding other communist spies in America. JR
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The Smith Act, 1940
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1. An act passed by Franklin Roosevelts administration that said that any asslimilation that tried to overthrow the government was open to criminal punishment. It also mandated that all non-citizen residents had to register with the government immediately. 2.1940 3. This lead to the prosecution of many communist in America and the imprisonment of over 250 people. JR
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The McCarran Internal Security Act
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1. This act required that all communist organizations in America must register with the Attorney General. 2.1950 3. When people registered themselves to become part of these groups they were also relieved of the right to then become a citizen. JR
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McCarthyism
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1. The act of accusing someone of treason without proper reason or regard or evidence. It also involves using unfair investigation techniques. 2. 1950's 3. During this time of the red scare anyone that had so much as a hint of anarchy to their doctrines was usually put to trial and prosecuted, sometimes unfairly which lead to the coining of this phrase. JR
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Army-McCarthy Hearings
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1. Joseph McCarthy was seen attacking the upper levels of the US army in a bullying type of way and was prosecuted by the army for his behavior. 2.1954 3.This lead to the cencure of his position in the government by the senate in 1954. It also lead to the coining of the phrase "McCarthyism." JR