APUSH Ch. 27 - The Cold War

This man was investigated by the HUAC on charges of disloyalty. He was a former high-ranking member of the State Department. Whittaker Chambers (a former communist) told the committee that this man had passed classified information through him to the Society Union. When he sued Chambers for slander, Chambers produced microfilms of the documents. However, he could not be tried for espionage due to the statute of limitations (protection from prosecution of crimes after 7 years). However Richard Nixon and the rest of HUAC helped to convict him on grounds of perjury (lying under oath).

Pledge signed by FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Essentially they outlined a plan and goals for what they should do in the post-WWII world. Its idea of a world in which the beliefs of military alliances and spheres of influence were abandoned appealed to many Americans, but less so to Britain and the Soviet Union.

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. Truman's dedication to this concept is shown in the Truman Doctrine and his desire to help Greece and Turkey resist the communists.

U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51. He was given permission by Truman to pursue the communist Koreans into their northern territory. He forced to relinquish command by President Truman because he voiced his opinion in a public letter that the U.S. should attack China in some way. He was still wildly popular with the American people.

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, expansion of Social Security benefits, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in Congress.

An American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. His writings were some of the first statements of the containment doctrine.

When the Republicans took over Congress in 1947 they formed this committee to hold investigations to prove that under Democratic rule, the government had tolerated communist subversion. They investigated the movie industry, former member of the State Department Alger Hiss, and others.

Wisconsin senator who claimed to have a list of communists in the State Department. He had no credible evidence, but still managed to destroy many people's careers and lives. He also leveled accusations at other agencies. He took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential. The term "McCarthyism", the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists, is named after him.

A couple who were members of the communist party and were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. They were killed by electric chair.

Leader of the Communist Party in China in the Chinese Civil War that overthrew Chiang Kai-shek. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

A massive transfer of aid money (over $12 billion) to help rebuild postwar Western Europe. It was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from using poverty and misery to come to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall.

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense (which would oversee the War and Navy Departments). It also created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) which would replace the Office of Strategic Services and would collect information and engage secretly in political and military operations. It also created National Security Council to oversee foreign and military policy. Basically it gave the president more power with which to pursue the U.S. international goals.

This was an alliance between 12 nations which declared that an armed attack against one member nation would be considered an act against all. They would also maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend against a possible Soviet invasion. It spurred the Soviets and their fellow communist governments to form an alliance under the Warsaw Pact.

The National Security Council report that outlined a shift in American position. It argued that the U.S. couldn't rely on other nations to take the initiative in resisting communism. The U.S. must take leadership over the noncommunist world and move to stop communist expansion anywhere it occurred to matter the risks. It also called for a major expansion of American military power.

During the Cold War he was in charge of the US oriented regime in South Korea, leading them through the Korean War, which led to the permanency of the 38th parallel. He was also the first president of the provisional government of the Republic of Korea and the first president of South Korea. He was regarded as anti-communist. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election and he died in exile.

Also known as the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947. It made "closed shop" (requiring being a member of a union to be hired) illegal. It did continue to permit union shops (must join a union after being hired) but gave states the permission to pass laws to prohibit that. It essentially damaged weaker unions in lightly organized industries and it made it more difficult for workers who hadn't been union members (women, minorities, Southern workers) to organize.

He was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory against him in the election of 1944. He also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. He seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed saying that he had won on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to his embarrassment.

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. This mainly helped Greece and Turkey.

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919. It was created to have a General Assembly where every member nation would have one vote as well as a Security Council that would have permanent representatives from the U.S., Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China, as well as temporary delegates from some other countries.

A treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. It was in response to the NATO alliance.

A self-avowed former communist agent who turned against the party and became editor of "Time" magazine. He told HUAC that Alger Hiss had passed classified State Department documents through him to the Soviet Union. He produced microfilms of the documents when Hiss sued him for slander.

A peace conference in 1945 between U.S. president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin. In return for Stalin's renewed promise to enter the Pacific war, Roosevelt agreed that the Soviet Union could get some of the territory that Russia had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. It was also successful in creating the United Nations. However, it produced no agreements in other areas, such as the Polish government, or the future of Germany. All of the involved nations had very different interpretations of the accords.

Truman's way of getting tough with the Soviet Union. He met with Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov and sharply chastised him for violations of the Yalta accords. Truman insisted that the US should be able to get 85% of what is wanted, but he was forced to settle for much less. He first recognized the Warsaw government, hoping that noncommunist forces might eventually expand their influence there. He accepted the adjustments of the Polish-German border, but refused to permit the Russians to claim reparations from the American, French, and British zones of Germany, confirming that Germany would remain divided.

He succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang. President of China 1928-31 and 1943-49 and of Taiwan 1950-75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists led by Mao Zedong.

Also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Bill. It provided economic and educational assistance to veterans. It gave money to them study in colleges/universities, gave them medical treatment, provided loans to buy a house or farms or to start a new business.

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act. He led the mine workers on strike but was shut down by Truman when he ordered government seizure of the mines.

A group of southern Democrats known as the "dixiecrats" bolted from their party in the election of 1948 and supported Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as their presidential candidate.

They tried to get rid of President Truman by trying to entice Dwight D. Eisenhower to contest his nomination in 1948. They gave up when Eisenhower refused.

A French term, literally, black cinema, referring to a kind of urban American genre that sprang up after WWII, emphasizing a fatalistic, despairing universe where there is no escape from mean city streets, loneliness, and death. Stylistically, it emphasizes low-key and high-contrast lighting, complex compositions, and a strong atmosphere of dread and paranoia. Some of them addressed nuclear fear explicitly, such as "The Twilight Zone."

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe in WWII. He became commander of NATO, and president of Columbia University. He ran with Richard Nixon as his VP in 1952, and their ticket won.