A&P2 Ch22 Respiratory System Homework

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Focus your attention on the graph above, from the left side of the Focus Figure. The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin is plotted (on the y-axis) against PO2 (mm Hg) (on the x-axis). Use this graph to complete Parts A-C below. On this graph, the y-axis (the vertical edge) tells you how much O2 is bound to hemoglobin (Hb). At 100%, each Hb molecule has four bound oxygen molecules. The x-axis (the horizontal edge) tells you the relative amount (partial pressure) of O2 dissolved in the fluid surrounding the Hb. If more O2 is present, more O2 is bound. However, because of Hb's properties (O2 binding strength changes with saturation), this is an S-shaped curve, not a straight line. Which of the following represents a correct statement about data presented in the graph?

Using the same graph as in Part A above, what is the average number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin at a saturation of 50%?

Conclusion: Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve A fireman breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. He has a meter that predicts the PO2 will approximate 15 mm Hg in his tissue fluids as he actively moves about the room.

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______.

Once released, renin functions to enzymatically split (cleave) circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Where is angiotensinogen made?

During inhalation,

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Which statement is correct?

After blood becomes oxygenated,

Hemoglobin

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate with hemoglobin at any PO2.

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

Hemoglobin Saturation Focus your attention on the graph shown, from the left side of the Focus Figure. The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin is plotted (on the y-axis) against PO2 (mm Hg) (on the x-axis). Use this graph to complete Parts A-C below. On this graph, the y-axis (the vertical edge) tells you how much O2 is bound to hemoglobin (Hb). At 100%, each Hb molecule has four bound oxygen molecules. The x-axis (the horizontal edge) tells you the relative amount (partial pressure) of O2 dissolved in the fluid surrounding the Hb. If more O2 is present, more O2 is bound. However, because of Hb's properties (O2 binding strength changes with saturation), this is an S-shaped curve, not a straight line. Which of the following represents a correct statement about data presented in the graph?

Using the same graph as in Part A, what is the average number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin at a saturation of 50%?

Conclusion: Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve A firefighter breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. He has a meter that predicts the PO2 will approximate 15 mm Hg in his tissue fluids as he actively moves about the room.

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?

Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH?

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 65 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders pure oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing?

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

Mr. B has been transferred to your floor to wait and see whether the chest tube allows his lungs to completely re-expand. But when he arrives, he is in severe respiratory distress. He says "I felt better before I came into the ER! Is this tube doing anything?" You tell the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS). As the two of you move him into the bed, you notice that his chest tube bottle is lying on its side on the gurney, with air going into it. When you point this out to the CNS, she immediately grabs the bottle and sets it upright on the floor. You see air start bubbling through the fluid right away. "That was the problem!" she says. "They lost the water seal, and air was going into his chest from the bottle. You would not believe how many times that happens on transport." When you examine Mr. B, you have trouble detecting his lung sounds on the left. Even stranger, his apical heart sound is in the wrong place - it is over toward the right side of his chest. His respiration rate and heart rate are both increased, and he is struggling to breathe. "Let's give him a little oxygen. He'll be a lot better in a half-hour," says the CNS. "Check back on him." Why would accumulation of air in his pleural space cause his heart sounds to be in the wrong place?

While Mr. B is recovering, you check on your other patients. Mrs. H, a 57-year-old first-day post-cholecystectomy patient, is also showing signs of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and decreased pulse oximeter readings. You ask if she has been using her incentive spirometer to make sure she breathes deeply, and she says, "It hurts my belly incision. There wasn't anything wrong with my lungs anyway." "There will be if you don't use it! You really need to do that at least once an hour. It's to keep your alveoli from collapsing." "Why would they collapse? The doctors didn't do anything to them, unless that anesthesia gas was toxic." Choose the three best explanations for why Mrs. H's alveoli might collapse if she does not do her deep breathing with the incentive spirometer.