Chapter 8 Psych Questions ****mylife

1. _____ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. A. Development B. Intelligence C. Cognition D. Motivation

2. Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. Dr. Schmidt studies: A. personality. B. intelligence. C. cognition. D. motivation.

3. Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating: A. the ability to generate new solutions to problems. B. the way behavior changes as a result of experience. C. the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. D. the processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

4. When psychologists first tried to explain motivation, they turned to _____. A. notions B. instincts C. incitements D. stimulants

5. Inborn biologically determined patterns of behavior are called: A. reflexes. B. instincts. C. notions. D. motives.

6. With which of the following early psychologists is instinct theory most strongly associated? A. James B. Thorndike C. McDougall D. Watson

7. Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation? A. Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones. B. Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful. C. Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior. D. Instinct approaches merely describe behavior; they fail to explain it.

8. Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology? A. Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology, as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology. B. Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories, especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance. C. Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology. D. Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

9. The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were: A. the instinct approach, then the incentive approach. B. the incentive approach, then the drive-reduction approach. C. the drive-reduction approach, then the instinct approach. D. the instinct approach, then the drive-reduction approach.

10. Drive-reduction approaches first appeared in the psychology of motivation in the: A, 1920s B. 1940s C. 1960s D. 1980s

11. Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are: A. theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B. beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C. theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D. theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goal.

12. Which approach to motivation is CORRECTLY paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate? A. Drive-reduction—eating B. Arousal—studying C. Cognitive—riding roller coasters D. Incentive—sleeping

13. Motivational tension that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n): A. drive. B. reflex. C. incentive. D. instinct.

14. Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation? A. Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate. B. Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives. C. People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation. D. Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what, or even how many, primary drives exist.

15. Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism? A. Bungee jumping B. Having sex C. Eating a quick meal D. Fleeing a stranger with a knife

16. To which of the following behaviors is drive theory LEAST applicable? A. Sleeping extra hours after having disturbed sleep the previous day B. Drinking a cola on a hot day C. Having a snack D. Studying long hours

17. Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Why or why not? A. No. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives, but fails to account for more psychologically oriented motives. B. No. Drive theory fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones. C. Yes. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives, but also more psychologically oriented ones. D. Yes. Drive theories of physiological motives have been empirically supported.

18. What is homeostasis? A. A theory of need reduction B. A built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions C. The psychological representation of a need D. the diffusion of fluids in a cell

19. When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify? A. Metabolism B. Acclimatization C. Homeostasis D. An opponent-process system

20. The arousal approach to motivation suggests that: A. a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B. if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, we will try to increase them by seeking stimulation. C. motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D. motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goal.

21. How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches? A. Arousal approaches suggest that we are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease our level of stimulation. B. Arousal approaches suggest that we are sometimes motivated to decrease rather than increase our level of stimulation. C. Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches. D. Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.

22. "Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of _____ theories of motivation. A. instinct B. incentive C. arousal D. cognitive

23. Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using an arousal approach to motivation? A. Artie, who loves to bungee jump B. Barry, who buys an expensive watch he can't resist C. Callista, who studies long hours to earn good grades D. Brooke, who sleeps extra after having a tiring week at work

24. Incentive approaches to motivation are: A. theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B. beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C. theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D. theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goal.

Motivation theorists refer to rewards we seek to obtain as: A. stimulants. B. incentives. C. drives. D. reinforcers.