Psychology – Chapter 9

8 December 2022
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MOTIVATION
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The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs (Board); involves goal-directed behavior (Text)
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MOTIVES
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Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.
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SOCIOBIOLOGY
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The study of the genetic and evolutionary basis of social behavior in all organisms, including humans.
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NATURAL SELECTION & EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE
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Favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success: 1. Sexual activity - reproduction 2. Competition - whatever is competed for has value and the winner would pass those "successful" genes to its offspring 3. Agression - survival of the fittest 4. Altruistic behavior - self-sacrifice to ensure the survival of the species; the animal that warns the herd, flock, pride or gathering at the risk of its own life 5. Intelligence
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STIMULUS MOTIVES
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The innate needs for stimulation and information
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PRIMARY MOTIVES
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Innate motives based on biological needs - the most important needs are hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, and needs for sleep, elimination of waste, and regulation of body temperature
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SECONDARY MOTIVES
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Motives that are based on learned needs, drives, and goals.
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HOMEOSTASIS
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A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
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DRIVE
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An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce that tension.
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HUNGER DRIVE & SEX DRIVE
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Two most powerful drives in humans.
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HUNGER DRIVE - BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
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Brain regulation, glucostatic theories, hormonal regulation, and set point.
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LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS
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1. Destroyed (lesion): Animal stops eating 2. Activated (by electrical stimulation): Animal overeats
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VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS
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1. Destroyed (by lesioning): Animal overeats 2. Activated (by electrical stimulation): Animal stops eating
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GLUCOSTATIC THEORY
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Fluctuations in blood glucose (a simple sugar thta is an important source of energy) levels are monitored by glucostats which results in a hunger drive
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HORMONAL REGULATION
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Fluctuations in insulin that affect hunger
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SET POINT
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The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating.
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LEARNED PREFERENCES
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Social factor that affects hunger drive; observationally learned, culturally influenced, family customs, etc.
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EXTERNAL EATING CUE
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Social factor that affects hunger drive; an external stimulus that tends to encourage hunger or elicit eating.
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FOOD RELATED CUES
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Social factor that affects hunger drive; time and smells are examples
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STRESS, AROUSAL, AND EATING
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Social factor that affects hunger drive; stress induces an arousal which "stimulates" a hunger drive
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PARENTAL INVESTMENT THEORY
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Theory which states the species mating pattern depends on what each sex has to invest, in the way of time, energy, and survival risk, to produce and nurture offspring.
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SEXUAL ORIENTATION
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Refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships.
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SENSATION SEEKING
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A personality characteristic of people who prefer high levels of stimulation.
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ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE
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The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence.
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TAT TEST
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The test used by researchers to determine an individual's achievement motive.
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INCENTIVES
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An external goal that has the power to motivate behavior.
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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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Motivation that comes from within (internalized), rather than from external rewards or motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity.
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EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, similar factors.
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PUSH - PULL THEORY
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-Drive theories: Emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions (within/internal) -Incentive theories: Emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions (outside/external)
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EXPECTANCY-VALUE MODEL OF MOTIVATION
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Motivation to pursue a particular course of action will depend on two factors: 1. Expectancy (Probability) about one's chances of attaining the incentive 2. The value of the desired incentive
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HERZBERG'S MOTIVATION - HYGIENE THEORY
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1. Motivation factors: Job factors that increase motivation, but whose absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction. 2. Hygiene factors: Job factors that reduce dissatisfaction, when present, to an acceptable degree, but do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation.
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HYGIENE FACTORS
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Factors that generally only have a short term effect.
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MOTIVATION FACTORS
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Factors that have a long term effect.
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THEORY X
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Associated with the Americans, assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work enviroment.
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THEORY Y
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Associated with the Japanese, assumes that employees accept responsibility and work toward organizational goals if by so doing they also achieve personal rewards.
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EMOTION
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The outward expression or display of mood or feeling states.
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EMOTIONS
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Feelings such as happiness, anger, or grief, created by brain patterns and accompanied by bodily changes (Board), or a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.
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COGNITIVE
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Subjective conscious experience
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PHYSIOLOGICAL
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Bodily arousal i.e. "fight or flight"
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BEHAVIORAL (INNATE)
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Characteristic overt expressions: a. Emotions are expressed through facial expressions, body language, and or other nonverbal behavior b. Studies of blind infants indicate that facial expressions are innate
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SIX FUNDAMENTAL EMOTIONS
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Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust
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DISPLAY RULES
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Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions i.e. Japanese restrict the expression of negative emotions in public.
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COMMON SENSE THEORY OF EMOTION
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You sense the stimulus which leads to a concious feeling which then leads to an autonomic arousal. FEAR = FEELING = AROUSAL (Elev. Heartrate, etc.)
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JAMES - LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
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a. Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. b. People distinguish emotions on the basis of the configuration of physical reactions. AROUSAL = FEELING = FEAR
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CANNON - BARD THEORY OF EMOTION
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Emotion occurs when the thalamus send signals simultaneously to the cortex (creating the concious experience of emotion), and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal) FEAR + AROUSAL = SIMULTANEOUSLY
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SCHACHTER'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION
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1. Autonomic arousal 2. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal (the appraisal)
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EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
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Darwin believed that emotions developed because of their adaptive value.
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BLENDING
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According to this theory the majority of emotions are blends of emotions or variances in intensity.
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MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
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In order from 1st priority - most important & powerful: 1. Physiological Needs (Hunger, thirst, etc.) 2. Safety & Security Needs (Long-term survival) 3. Belongingness & Love Needs (Affiliation & Acceptance) 4. Esteem Needs (Achievement & gaining recognition) 5. Cognitive Needs (Knowledge & Understanding) 6. Aesthetic Needs (Order & Beauty) 7. Need for Self-Actualization (Realization of potential) Good way to remember = "P.S.B.E.C.A.N."