The first discovery of Homo erectus remains in Java, which were named as Pithecanthropus erectus were discovered by
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Eugene Dubois
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Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.8 - 1 Mya?
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Homo habilis and Homo erectus
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Oldowan Stone tool Industry were more common from archaeological sites associated with ________
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Homo habilis
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According to Larsen in Chapter 11, modern anatomical features of the Nariakatome Boy include _______
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relatively short arms and long legs.
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Homo erectus was just like a modern human, with traits like elongated limbs with feet characterized by double arches and adducted big toe.
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True
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As discussed in Chapter 11, some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others _______
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were gracile
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According to Larsen (2014), the earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectus in Western Europe dates from______
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1.2 Mya, from Sima del Elefante.
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Eugène Dubois was one of the first evolutionists in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with ______
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fossil evidence
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Homo rudolfensis is morphologically similar to ______
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Homo habilis
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The earliest members of the genus Homo have been found dating from ______
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2.8 - 1.0 m.y.a.
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The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture shows up in _______
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Homo habilis
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Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by _______
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all of the above
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Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present _____
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In Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
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Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by ___
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tool used for obtaining and processing food
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The discoverer of Homo erectus was _______
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Eugene Dubois
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Homo erectus fossils date to ________
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1.8 M.y.a. - 0.3 m.y.a.
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A central theme of human evolution is ____
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an increasing adaptive flexibility
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The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as ____
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shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominins
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The Dmanisi fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to ______
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1.7 Mya
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African Homo erectus cranial features include ______
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thick cranial bones
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What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?
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greater access to protein and improved nutrition
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Homo erectus differed from earlier hominins in having traits such as ______
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a larger brain
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The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to about _____
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1.2 M.y.a.
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The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominins there ____
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processed and consumed animals and other hominids
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Gran Dolina adult hominins were similar to later Homo sapiens in their ability to produce art.
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False
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Compared to earlier hominins the increased body size in Homo erectus is likely due to increased protein in the diet such as meat eating.
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True
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Fossil evidence of cut marks made with stone tools at early hominin sites suggests that meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
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True
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The Acheulean stone tool complex emerged around 1.5 Mya and is characteristic of Homo habilis.
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False
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Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools required more learning and skill to produce.
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True
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Which species became increasingly specialized to foods requiring heavy chewing?
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Paranthropus
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Homo erectus skull morphology includes _____
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all of the above (large brow ridges and a sagittal keel; a long, low wide base; thick bones)
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Homo erectus cranial capacity _____
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ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc
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The controlled use of fire by hominins ______
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contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
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What are the differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
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Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
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Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to ____
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changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
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Homo erectus high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its ______
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both a. and b. (increased intelligence and increased reliance on material culture)
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Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa.
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True
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Briefly discuss the fossil evidence of Homo habilis, and describe the anatomical and behavioral traits of Homo habilis relevant to the evolution of Homo sapiens.
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NEED TO EDIT THIS ANSWER"
Has slightly larger brain case and a smaller face and teeth with a slightly prognathic face. Even though they had smaller teeth, their strong tooth enamel and jaws showed that they were still capable of chewing harder foods.
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Homo erectus was likely the first hominin to successfully migrate out of Africa. Discuss how the biology and culture of Homo erectus led to its success on three major continents with varying environments.
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NEED TO EDIT THIS ANSWER
The Homo erectus was the first designer/user of stone hand axes, the Archeulean soon tool, and because they had these tools, they were able to require the protein that they needed to function/survive. They also knew how to make fire and used this for cooking, warmth, and to scare away large predators.
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Contrast the cranial and dental anatomy and adaptation of Australopithecus robustus with African Homo erectus.
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NEED TO EDIT THIS ANSWER
Australopithecus Robustus:
- gorilla-like cranial crest with strong mastication muscles
- brain was the same size as a chimpanzee
African Homo erectus:
- have a cranial capacity of about 1,450 cc (about the same size as an average human)
- tall cranium, vertical forehead, smaller brow ridge and a non projecting face
- had wide noses
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Describe Homo erectus cranial and postcranial anatomical characteristics. How is this species significantly different from earlier hominins and how did these characteristics increase the success of this species over that of their ancestors?
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The Homo erectus is important to the record of human evolution because it is the first species that is found outside of Africa that shows a movement in evolution towards the Homo sapiens. It has s similar brain size is larger than Homo habilis but smaller than Homo heidelbergensis which meant that the braincase is higher than the Homo habilis as well. The Homo erectus was built hearty (has thick bones) which differentiates it from the Homo sapiens but it has the same body proportions as a Homo sapiens like the proportions of the bones of the arms and the legs. Also is built to walk the same way that the Homo sapiens is. The Homo erectus also has massive brow ridges and prominent prominence that is unlike most Homo sapiens.
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Scientists define modern in terms of:
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a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
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Modern humans have:
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a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
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Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _________ have been discovered.
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archaic Homo sapiens
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Archaic Homo sapiens:
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show a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.
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The last Neandertals date to:
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32,000 years ago
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To date, most Neandertal fossils have been found in:
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Europe
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According to Larsen in Chapter 12, analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately:
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200,000 years ago
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Traits of anatomically modern humans include:
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a "globular" brain case
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Larsen discusses the discovery of anatomically modern human fossils in the European Upper Paleolithic site of:
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Cro-Magnon, France
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According to Larsen in Chapter 12, the Denisova fossils likely:
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share a common ancestor with Neandertals
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The Multiregional Continuity hypothesis proposes that:
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the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
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In Chapter 12, it is discussed that in Atapeura site, particularly in level 5, early archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating:
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the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
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Which of the following is NOT a cold-adapted trait of Neandertals?
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a narrow nasal aperture
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The oldest Neandertal site dates to __________, at __________.
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130,000 years ago; Krajina, Croatia
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As discussed in Chapter 12, the European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 years ago is called the:
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Upper Paleolithic period
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The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _________ tools which Neandertals produced.
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Mousterian
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The Upper Paleolithic is associated with the_________ method of stone tool production:
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Levallois
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The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Neandertals are called:
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Mousterian
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The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
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the hyoid
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Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals:
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both b and c (use body ornaments, use symbolism)
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Compared to modern Homo sapiens, archaic Homo sapiens have:
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both b. and c. (a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin; a longer and lower skull, a larger brow ridge and a bigger and more projecting face)
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The Neandertals' disappearance after 30,000 years ago likely resulted from:
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Their assimilation
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The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?
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assimilation
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All fossils of archaic Homo sapiens and earlier Homo erectus show:
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both a. and b. (continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size; expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity)
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The Herto skulls from Ethiopia as discussed in Chapter 12:
answer
have a combination of archaic and modern features
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According to Larsen in Chapter 12, the fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
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18,000 years ago
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Larsen strongly suggests that modern humans first arrived in the Americas approximately:
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15,000 years ago
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The Homo floresiensis specimen:
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fits Allen's rule in body proportions
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Chapter 12 discusses some genetic explanations of modern human dispersals; according to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
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both b. and c. (loss of food supply, climate change)
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Larsen presents the earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia being from _________, dating to _________.
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Lake Mungo; 40,000 years ago
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A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is:
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shovel shaped incisors
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As discussed in Chapter 12, early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
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Folsom points
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According to Larsen (2014), the morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
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looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls
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A hominin fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely:
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to be classified as having archaic characteristics
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While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely to be:
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none of the above
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Allen's and Bergmann's rules are perfect examples of natural selection working to bring about anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include:
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all of the above (the limb nd trunk proportions of Neanderthals; the limb and trunk proportions of modern populations; the limb and trunk proportions of most mammals)
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Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from:
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the accumulations of genetic mutations over time
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The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are:
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the body and the length of the arms and legs
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The transition to fully modern Homo sapiens was completed globally by about:
answer
25,000 years ago
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The out-of-Africa model explains:
answer
a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
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Discuss the origin of the Neandertals in terms of biological adaptation and other forces of evolution.
answer
NEED TO CHANGE THIS ANSWER
??????
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Discuss the two models of modern human origins—out-of-Africa and multiregional continuity. Briefly describe their main tenets and discuss how the more recent assimilation model differs from each.
answer
Out-of-Africa: Modern biology, behavior, and culture originated in Africa. Modern humans then spread from Africa to Europe where humans replaced all populations (no new gene flow)
Multiregional continuity: Modern humans evolved from earlier archaic populations in their respective regions (Africa, Europe, Asia). Throughout evolution, there is always significant gene flow on the borders of the population and there is continuity of morphology in all regions of the globe.
Assimilation: Modern humans first evolved in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia. Once they arrived in Europe and Asia, modern humans underwent gene flow with Neanderthals.
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Discuss which anatomical traits are used to contrast modern humans' physical appearance with that of similar hominids. Which are derived and which are ancestral? Are these traits biological adaptation, as in the case of Neandertals?
answer
- brain size range from 1000-2000 cc
- cranial value relatively short and high (sharply rising forehead)
- cranial bones reduced in thickness and weak supraorbital tori
- occipital region rounded and nuchal area reduced (prominent mastoid process)
- less facial prognathism (lacking mid facial prognathism)
- canine fossa present or hallowed cheeks (cheek bones lack "swept back" appearance and smaller anterior teeth)
- mandible with reduced robusticity with a distinct chin (mandibular eminence)
- superior pubic ramus shorter and thicker
- poscranial skeleton generally less robust
question
What kinds of environmental pressures contributed to the dispersal of modern Homo sapiens around the world? What do the migrations of modern humans into Australia tell us about the range of human variation and adaptability in the past compared to the diversity we see in human populations today?
answer
We see Homo sapiens following their food around the world. They migrate with the changing seasons as the animals do. The movement into Australia shows us how modern humans are able to so easily adapt. There was no way to get to Australia other than to travel by water.
question
What "symbolic" behavior is evident in the archeological record and associated with Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Europe beginning around 35,000 yBP (during the Upper Paleolithic)?
answer
material culture (I think?)
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