The using up of materials goods necessary for human physical survival is called
answer
Consumption
question
In the 1960s, Richard Lee discovered that in order to find enough food to survive. Juhoansi foragers had to work
answer
Less than 20 hours per week per person
question
An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism is called the "market" is
answer
Capitalism
question
Which of the following is an example of redistribution?
answer
All of the above (potlatch/Internal Revenue Service/Salvation Army)
question
A _____ is a historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is organized to extract energy from the environment by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.
answer
Mode of production
question
A reciprocal situation in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit demonstrates what anthropologists consider
answer
Balanced reciprocity
question
Anthropologists consider a reciprocal situation in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing to be
answer
Negative reciprocity
question
Carole Counihan, cited in the text, notes that her young female interviewees were
answer
Expected to work for wages but also maintain the household, including doing the cooking
question
Among the Trobriand Islanders, women's wealth
answer
Is exchanged for yams
question
The mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to allocate them in such a way as to provide for every member of the group is called
answer
Redistribution
question
Which of the following terms is used by Eric Wolf to refer to the form of social power that organized social settings and controls the allocation of social labor?
answer
Structural power
question
In recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed the questions about
answer
Power and inequality
question
The form of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself, is called
answer
Biopower
question
The actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize the damage and distribution in the event of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of
answer
Governmentality
question
The study of social power in human society is called
answer
Political anthropology
question
The French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of
answer
All the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt French culture and language
question
According to the text, a central theme in multicultural debates within Europe is
answer
Coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has been historically dominant
question
The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of
answer
Work and legal protection but not citizenship
question
According to James Scott, foot-dragging, desertion, pilfering, slander, arson, and sabotage are examples of
answer
Everyday forms of pleasant resistance
question
In traditional Western though, the prototype of power in human social relations is based on
answer
Physical coercion
question
Families in which brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) live together in a single together in a single household are called
answer
Joint families
question
A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a
answer
Clan
question
Marriage outside the boundaries of a defined social group is called
answer
Exogamy
question
Which of the following people belong to the same matrilineage?
answer
A woman, her mother, her son
question
Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a particular society?
answer
Gender
question
Marriage within the boundaries of a defined social group is called
answer
Endogamy
question
A husband, a wife, and their children form a
answer
Conjugal family
question
For woman marriage to be possible, a society must recognize a distinction between
answer
Pater and genitor
question
A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families, is
answer
A blended family
question
For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of
answer
A married couple and their children
question
A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are
answer
Endogamous
question
Deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging, are known as
answer
Naturalizing discourses
question
Hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called
answer
Classes
question
The traditional concept of race in Western society is
answer
Biologically and genetically meaningless
question
Roger Lancaster points out that in Nicaragua the system of color terms
answer
Presupposes white superiority and black inferiority
question
The social category of race is
answer
A relatively recent invention
question
an ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide is known as a
answer
Nation-state
question
A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called
answer
Colorism
question
In the Hindu ranking of jatis, in terms of purity and pollution, which of the following activities is the least polluting?
answer
A vegetarian diet
question
A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a
answer
Nation
question
As anthropologists have begun to study "the culture of human rights" they have come to see the central role played by
answer
Law
question
For some people, blue jeans, McDonald's hamburgers, rock and roll, and Coca-Cola are seen as destroying local practices. They call this process
answer
Cultural imperialism
question
Arguments that pit human rights against culture depend on the assumption that
answer
All of the above (cultures are homogeneous/cultures are unchanging/each society has one culture that its members have to follow)
question
A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship, make up a
answer
Transborder citizenry
question
The reshaping of local conditions by powerful worldwide forces on an ever-intensifying scale is the concept of
answer
Globalization
question
In order to fit the way human rights laws are written, indigenous people often have to
answer
Portray their cultures in ways that are different form their own everyday understandings
question
The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power is called
answer
Cultural imperialism
question
If people are believed to have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they were born, then
answer
Both a and b (international interference with customs that violate international human rights violate the right of members of the group to practice their own customs/they should be protected from interference by outsiders who do not share their cultural beliefs and practices/they must change the rules to eliminate human rights violations)
question
_______ is being at ease in more than one cultural setting.
answer
Cosmopolitanism
question
To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that
answer
Both a and b (cultural diversity is valuable in itself/such things as universal human rights exist)
question
A comparative study of many cultures is called
answer
Ethnology
question
For modern biologists, a species is defined as
answer
A reproductive community that occupies a specific niche.
question
A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment is called
answer
Archaeology
question
In Mendelian genetics, genetic characteristics that are no expressed in an organism are said to be
answer
Recessive
question
Recent research cited in the text shows that when African Americans and European Americans are matched in terms of social class and educational background, the differences in average IQ scores
answer
Disappear
question
The bones of an animal's body, not including its head, are called its
answer
Postcranial skeleton
question
Which of the following is NOT an anthropoid?
answer
None of the above; all are anthropoids (Chimpanzee, Howler monkey, and Jean-Claude)
question
Australopiths with small and lightly built faces are known as
answer
Gracile australopithecines
question
The bones of the head, excluding the jaw, are referred to as the
answer
Cranium
question
A contemporary biological anthropologist is likely to study
answer
Any of the above (the relationship of nutrition and physical development/nonhuman primates/human origins)
question
Which of the following primate groups apparently uses sexual behavior to manipulate relationships rather than to increase reproductive rates?
answer
Bonobos
question
The Denisovans are a population of
answer
Pleistocene hominins known only from ancient DNA recovered from three tiny fossils found in a cave in Russian Siberia
question
Paleoanthropologists suspect that perhaps more than one species belonging to the genus Homo may have coexisted in eastern Africa in the early Pleistocene because
answer
The fossils assigned to Homo habilis show too much internal variation to all belong to the same species
question
During the Miocene epoch, evolution of ______ took off.
answer
Hominoids
question
A tail which is able to grasp an object is considered
answer
Prehensile
question
Clarence Gravlee and his colleagues carried out research in Puerto Rico, attempting to explain why darker skin pigmentation was associated with higher blood pressure. They found that Puerto Ricans with darker skins and higher socioeconomic status actually experienced higher blood pressure than other Puerto Ricans. How did they interpret this finding?
answer
Individuals with darker skins and higher socioeconomic status were likely to experience more intense racism, which contributed to higher blood pressure
question
Australopiths with rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars are known as
answer
Robust australopithecines
question
The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as
answer
Homoplasy
question
All of the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species or population make up a
answer
Gene pool
question
Biological anthropologists are interested in
answer
Human beings as biological organisms
question
Who among the following asserted that, over time, some species had been suddenly wiped out and replaced by new species from somewhere else?
answer
Georges Cuvier
question
Tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini because
answer
Both b and c (none of them have moist noses/their placenta is similar to the placenta of anthropoids)
question
The view that biological organisms are distinct and unchanging over time is:
answer
Uniformitarianism
question
The concept that defines a species as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature is the
answer
Biological species concept
question
According to the text, culture consists of
answer
sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use
question
Gene frequencies may be altered if a given population begins to interbreed with another population of the same species. This is known as
answer
Gene flow
question
A biological classification of various kinds of organisms is
answer
A taxonomy
question
Modern human beings in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age
answer
All of the above (were more numerous and more widespread than were previous hominins/suffered few injuries and were relatively healthy/were the first hominins to occupy the coldest, harshest climates in Asia)
question
The bones of the fingers and toes of Australopithecus afarensis are slightly curved, and the toes are much longer than the toes of modern human beings. This suggests to paleoanthropologists that
answer
Both b and c (the bipedalism of Au. afarensis was even more efficient that that of modern human beings/Au. afarensis did not move with a full striding gait, as later hominins did)
question
Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of primates?
answer
Stereoscopic vision
question
Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early Homo. This story of human origins is called the
answer
Man the hunter scenario
question
When variations in skin color of indigenous populations of the world are plotted on a map,
answer
both a and b (the populations with the lightest pigmentation live farthest from the equator/the populations with the darkest pigmentation live closest to the equator)
question
Adult male gorillas
answer
both a and b (are much larger than females/treat immature gorillas with tolerance)
question
The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time is called
answer
Anagenesis
question
In Darwinian terms, who are the fit?
answer
Those who reproduce and replace themselves
question
The first hominoids appeared in
answer
Africa
question
Today, many biologists and anthropologists agree that the most intense selection pressures our species faces come from
answer
The extinctions of other species
question
The first hominin species to leave Africa was
answer
Homo erectus
question
Wings on birds and bats are an example of
answer
Homoplasy
question
Contemporary taxonomists classify African apes and humans together as
answer
Hominids
question
A contemporary cultural anthropologist is likely to study
answer
Any of the above (political institutions in a village in another country/kinship systems in an urban setting/patterns of material life in his or her own society)
question
Primates that are active at night are called
answer
Nocturnal
question
A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is
answer
Male
question
According to the text, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then
answer
The concept of race is biologically meaningless
question
Who correctly identified glossopetrae?
answer
Nicholas Steno
question
Hominins dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago possessing morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are considered which kind of Homo sapiens?
answer
Archaic
question
In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that
answer
An individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent
question
The fossils of Australopithecus sediba, from the site of Malapa in South Africa,
answer
All of the above (have been dated to between 1.95 and 1.78 million years ago/show a cranial capacity similar to that of Australopithecus africanus/have teeth and long thumb bones that resemble those of early Homo)
question
The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in
answer
Ethiopia
question
Based on current ethnoprimatological research, which of the following statements is correct?
answer
All of the above (humans and other primates have long coexisted successfully in many global settings/human activities now threaten the survival of many primate species in the wild/of all primates, great apes seem to face the greatest threats to their survival from human activities)
question
A society generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm for a living is a
answer
Tribe
question
Objects buried with a corpse are known as
answer
Grave goods
question
Language, like culture, is
answer
All of the above (learned/coded in symbols/shared)
question
Diseases such as influenza, measles, and tuberculosis that transfer from animals to humans are referred to as:
answer
Zoonotic diseases
question
To the Azande, witches are
answer
All of the above
question
Who said "human behavior is symbolic behavior, if it is not symbolic, it is not human"?
answer
Leslie White
question
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called
answer
A rite of passage
question
The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to ______ the practices of other cultures
answer
Understand
question
A leading thinker on Old World history who was heavily influenced by Marxist ideals, V. Gordon Childe moved beyond simply describing cultural sequences by seeking to understand
answer
All of the above
question
Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?
answer
Through ritual performance, the ideas of a culture take on a concrete form
question
Witchcraft beliefs, especially witchcraft accusations,
answer
All of the above (can serve to unify a society/can defend the wider values of a community/can weaken in-group ties)
question
The area of the brain associated with speech production is called _____________ and the are associated with speech comprehension is called____________.
answer
Brocas/Wernickes
question
The concept that the same natural processes that affect the world today worked the same way in the past is known as:
answer
Uniformitarianism
question
What are the three stages of rites of passage?
answer
Seperation, transition, reaggregation
question
When archaeologists excavate a site, they always
answer
Excavate a small part of a site to preserve the site for future archaeologists
question
The design feature of language called "openness" or "productive" refers to the
answer
Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
question
In order to understand the meaning of the sentence "Who's standing by that building," we need to know the
answer
Nonlinguistic context
question
The subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering is
answer
Broad-spectrum foraging theory
question
The archaeological approach that takes as its objective studying the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures to illuminate remains they have found is called
answer
Ethnoarchaeolog
question
In doing the "waggle dance", bees can communicate the distance, direction, and nature of a a food source, as well as tell stories about their experience to other bees.
answer
False
question
Robert Carneiro's theory of environmental circumscription holds that
answer
When hostile environments halt village expansion, new farmland could only be taken from other villages by force
question
Compared with wild wheat, domesticated wheat
answer
All of the above (is better tasting/has a larger seed head/has six rows of kernels rather than two)
question
Something that stands for something else is a
answer
Symbol
question
Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called
answer
Egalitarian social relations
question
A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige is called
answer
Social stratification
question
David is a college student who knows the different linguistic habits appropriate to his mother and stepfather's home, his father's home, his university residence hall, his anthropology class, his job at an elegant restaurant, and his religious tradition. The term used in the text to describe his complex linguistic knowledge is
answer
Heteroglossia
question
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that
answer
Language has the power to shape the way people see the world
question
In 2001, the Taliban in Afghanistan destroyed
answer
Giant statues of Buddha.
question
Noam Chomsky argued that all languages have principles of grammar and rules of syntax that are based on innate features of the brain. He called this:
answer
Universal grammar
question
Ian Hodder and his students were some of the first to advance influential arguments for the school of archaeological thought called
answer
Ethnology
question
The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called
answer
Synecretism
question
There is nothing inherent in the nature of a large quadruped well suited for long-distance running that requires us to call this creature a "horse." This illustrates the linguistic design feature of
answer
Arbitrariness
question
The belief that there is supernatural power embedded in material objects, places, people, or animals is known as:
answer
Animism
question
Which of the following statements about language endangerment do linguistic anthropologists consider correct?
answer
All of the above (many languages with small numbers of native speakers are in danger of disappearing as younger people in the speech community stop using the language or never learn it in the first place/the spread of "world" languages like English contributes to language endangerment/attempts to implement language revitalization have met with mixed success)
question
Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them, is called
answer
Domestication
question
The term "transegalitarian society" is
answer
Designed to describe all societies that are neither egalitarian nor stratified
question
Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called
answer
Artifacts
question
In a rank society, a chief is given greater
answer
Prestige than other people but not greater power or wealth
question
For the Bakweri, who were zombies?
answer
People who got rich through supernatural means.
question
As cited in the text, Zeder and Smith argue that people
answer
Both a and c (tried a variety of different plants and animals to see which could be useful domesticated resources/were actively and deliberately shaping adaptive niches)
question
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd but depend on wild food resources is called a
answer
Band
question
Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of
answer
Displacement
question
A movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony is called
answer
Nativism
question
Artists in non-Western societies
answer
Work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies
question
According to anthropologist Richard Lee, Dobe Ju/'huansi foragers devote about ________ hours per week obtaining food.
answer
14
question
Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by
answer
Complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources
question
A supporter of unilineal evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was
answer
Lewis Henry Morgan
question
An intense comradeship in which the social distinctions among participants in a rite of passage disappear or become irrelevant is called
answer
Communitas
question
In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power, such as Polynesian Mana, in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called
answer
Taboo
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