AP Psychology Unit 14 Review B

According to the text, aggression always involves

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of

A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.

The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?

Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.

A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that

Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction.

Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)

Youths who are shunned and mocked by peers are especially likely to respond with aggression if they have earlier experienced

Ostracism has been observed to intensify

High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that

After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be

After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be

People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.

Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer.

Researchers Brad Bushman and Craig Anderson have noted that the correlation between viewing violence and behaving aggressively nearly equals the correlation between

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with

On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt ________ attraction toward that person than they did for someone they talked with face to face.

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.

People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a(n) ________ version of them.

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of

When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates

Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates the impact of

An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of

Our first impressions of people we meet are most likely to be determined by their

What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?

Svetlana, a 16-year-old high school senior, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive high school girls.

Makato, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared with good- looking students, Makato is more likely to

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a(n) ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that

Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to

College students judged an averaged, composite face as

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

Felippe, a 17-year-old high school senior, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with

Olivia, a 17-year-old high school student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would most likely become a good friend of

Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just

In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact with men who had recently

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have

Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of

Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though he contributes more to the relationship. Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on

Altruism is best described as

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will

Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?

Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

Social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in elevators in order to study

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if

Employees who receive a windfall bonus are later happier if they have done something for other people with it. This suggests that altruism is

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals indicates

A social trap is a situation in which

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger with

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by

If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize

Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?