Psych Chapter 14 example #87660

1. mild or moderate depressed mood most days for at least two years 2. extremely depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities for two weeks, plus changes in weight or loss of sleep 3. extremely elevated moods (manic episodes) lasting at least one week 4. alternating between mildly elevated mood for at least four days and extremely depressed mood for two weeks

- The DSM does not specify the degree to which a trait needs to be abnormal to be considered a disorder - There is overlap among the personality traits characteristic of each personality disorder

1. memory loss of a block of time or event 2. loss of identity and traveling to a new location 3. two or more distinct identities in one person

1. traumatic events, difficult family life, socioeconomic status, cultural expectations 2. levels of neurotransmitters, size and connectivity of brain structures, genetics, influences to a developing fetus, toxins, and malnutrition 3. learning, distorted thoughts, and maladaptive behaviors

About *1 in 2 Americans will develop a psychological disorder* at some point in their lives. About *1 in 4 Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder* in any given year. The most common disorders are *depression, anxiety, ADHD, and substance abuse disorder*. Psychological disorders are the *number-one cause of disability*, surpassing cancer and heart disease.

Low socioeconomic status makes being diagnosed with schizophrenia more likely. Having many friends who do drugs contributes to substance abuse problems. Growing up in a society that values thinness can contribute to developing anorexia.

Cannot stand to be alone; intense, unstable moods and personal relationships; chronic anger; drug and alcohol abuse: 1. being raised by unavailable or unreliable caretakers 2. experiencing abuse or observing extreme violence 3. being raised by caregivers who encouraged dependence 4. LOW levels of serotonin

The memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "overconsolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation. People with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD. Those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems.

One close friend provides better protection from depression than many casual acquaintances. People who are experiencing many negative events believe they are powerless to avoid them, so they have no motivation to make positive changes. People's negative thoughts about themselves, their situations, and the future influence each other and contribute to depression (cognitive triad) When a person's friends stop hanging out with her because she is a "bummer," this may make her depression worse.