Physical Anthropology Ch7

1) Generally, primates that cooperate in social groups are better able to protect themselves from predators. Those in larger groups are better able to protect themselves that those in smaller groups. 2) Living in social groups provides access to mates and enhances reproductive success. In the short term, sexually mature males and females living in the same group have reproductive access. In the long term, young are taught normative behaviors that reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance success overall.

1) Primate societies are highly diverse, ranging from solitary animals to complex multimale, multifemale groups. Most primates live in some kind of social group and do so on a long-term basis. 2) Male reproductive strategies emphasize competition between males for access to reproductive-age females. Female reproductive strategies emphasize care of young and access to food for young and for the support of mothers' and their offspring's nutritional needs.

1) Primates' wide variety of habitats require them to use a wide variety of food-foraging strategies. Chimpanzees are the only primate known to systematically hunt other animals, including other kinds of primates. 2) primates rely entirely on their bodies for acquiring and processing food for consumption. Humans rely on extrasomatic means-material culture-to acquire and process food. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and some New World monkeys employ rudimentary technology, reflecting socially transmitted knowledge. 3) Some primates (chimpanzees, for example) have material culture. They and other primates have displayed some learned behavior and cultural tradition, such as forms of social grooming and vocalization that are unique to specific groups and regions.

1) Primates communicate information through a wide variety of means, especially through vocalization. 2) Vocalizations in all primates serve a range of functions and vary in different contexts; they include the transmissions from one individual to another individual or one group to another group, as in warning about predators, sending of alarms, "labeling" of events or objects and identification of territory. 3) Humans are the only primate to have speech, but use of symbols by apes (e.g., chimpanzees) in experimental contexts provides important insight into their cognitive abilities.

Refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual.

Refers to the process of animals becoming accustomed to human observers.

The killing of juvenile.

Altruistic behaviors that increase the donor's inclusive fitness, that is, the fitness of the donor's relatives.

Refers to a social group that includes an adult male, and adult female, and their offspring.

Refers to a social group that includes one reproductive active female, several adult males, and their offspring.

Refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

The frequency of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.