OCE Chapter 13

MA: Of the following nutrients, which is/are used in photosynthetic primary productivity by phytoplankton? (4) Calcium Silica Phosphates Nitrates Iron Boron

T/F: The products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

T/F: Compensation depth is the depth in the ocean where the photosynthetic rate exceeds the rate of cellular respiration.

T/F: An overabundance of oxygen results in eutrophication.

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called: biomass. compensation depth. upwelling. chlorophyll. primary productivity

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the: euphotic zone. calcium compensation depth. productive zone. compensation depth for photosynthesis. epipelagic depth.

A fact regarding photosynthesis is that _________. all carbon-based organisms photosynthesize nitrogen and sulfuric acid are converted to water and sulfur dioxide photosynthesis is another term for respiration photosynthesis can occur in the absence of light water and carbon dioxide are converted to oxygen gas and sugar

Mass mortality events of marine mammals and birds may occur after ingesting prey items that contain algal toxins. What organism that can cause harmful algal blooms should humans be concerned about if animals in the area are having seizures and exhibiting erratic, "drunken-like" behavior? diatoms that cause dead zones karenia because it cause red tides gonyaulax because it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) dinoflagellates that cause ciguatera poisoning pseudo-nitzschia, because it causes amnesic shellfish poisoning

T/F: The group of marine macroscopic algae with the highest abundance and greatest geographic distribution belong to the Division Rhodophyta.

T/F: Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division: Chlorophyta. Chrysophyta. Bacillariophyta. Phaeophyta. Rhodophyta.

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are: coccolithophorids. dinoflagellates. radiolarians. diatoms. cyanobacteria

Marine seed-bearing plants include all the following except: mangroves. Spartina alterniflora. eelgrass. Ulva. surf grass

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________. carbon dioxide phosphates light nitrates oxygen

MA: Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? (3) Dinoflagellates Krill photosynthetic bacteria Coccolithophores Diatoms

T/F: The amounts of carbon dioxide and available nutrients affect the rate of primary production in an ecosystem.

T/F: Primary productivity is equal to the amount of photosynthesis plus the amount of respiration.

The average rate of primary production in the open ocean is 125 gC/m2/yr. In the most productive ecosystems such as algal beds and coral reefs, the average production is 2000 gC/m2/yr. How many years would it take to accumulate 2000 gC/m2 on the deep-sea floor in the open ocean? 1.6 years less than 1 year 16 years 160 years 1600 years

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. 10%. 30%. 50%. 90%.

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is: tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters. temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters. polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters. polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters. temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters

Productivity in polar oceans is: oxygen-limited. light and nutrient-limited. nutrient-limited. light-limited. nutrient and oxygen-limited.

MA: Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates? (1) equatorial upwelling zones coastal upwelling zones All the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity. coral reefs

If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 gC/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to the seafloor sediments per square meter each year? one gram 100 grams ten grams three grams 30 grams

MA: Of the following locations, which is/are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? (3) coastal upwelling coral reefs in the deep ocean, far from land anywhere there is a strong thermocline equatorial upwelling

MA: Of the following statements about oceanic productivity, which is/are true? (3) In middle-latitude oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of sunlight. In middle-latitude oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In middle-latitude oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In middle-latitude oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight.

Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the HIGHEST annual oceanic productivity? Select only one answer. in low-latitude waters along a continental margin in low-latitude waters in the open ocean in middle-latitude waters along a continental margin in middle-latitude waters in the open ocean in high-latitude waters along a continental margin in high-latitude waters in the open ocean

MA: Of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions, which is/are true? (3) In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do NOT limit productivity. In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, productivity is high year-round. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime. Polar oceans typically display a strong, permanent thermocline.

T/F: Bacteria that manufacture carbohydrates in the absence of solar energy are autotrophs.

T/F: Primary producers, herbivores and carnivores are all examples of trophic levels within a food chain or food web.

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is: bi-directional. unidirectional. top down. cyclical. semi-conservative.

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around: 50%. 75%. 10%. 5%. 30%.

In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except _________. oxygen nutrients water carbon dioxide energy

Amphipods are _________. deposit feeders primary producers primary consumers filter feeders carnivorous feeders

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. by-catch available biomass of a target species maximum catch without reducing the population of target species farming of commercial fish and shellfish dolphins and other mammal protection incidental catch

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. Marine Mammal Protection Act available biomass of a target species farming of commercial fish and shellfish maximum catch without reducing the population of target species dolphins and other mammal protection incidental catch

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. standing stock available biomass of a target species maximum catch without reducing the population of target species incidental catch farming of commercial fish and shellfish dolphins and other mammal protection

T/F: If the total caloric content of the autotrophic organisms in a marine ecosystem were 250,000 kilocalories (kcal), then the expected caloric value for the trophic-level consumers at the second level would be 2,500 kcal.

T/F: The standing stock of a population is the maximum number or biomass of individuals that can be removed sustainably.

The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the: mesopelagic zone. coastal and coral areas. coastal areas. tropical shelf areas. Nontropical shelf areas.

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as: minimum catch that will still allow the population to increase. maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing occurs. largest catch that can be taken without overfishing. largest catch that will cover the minimum cost of fishing. annual harvest that will balance natural mortality and predation.

Catches above the maximum sustainable yield: produce decreased fishing effort. result in overfishing. result in underutilization of the target species. result in increased populations of the target species. can be increased to prevent overfishing.

All the following are challenges to managing fisheries except : overfishing. regulations on the number of fishing vessels. multinational boundaries. incident catch or bycatch. All the above are correct.

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________. deep-water fishing gear is more efficient and takes a higher percentage of the fish population fisheries management agencies have become more aggressive in placing species on the endangered list deep-water fishes taste better and are in higher demand governments target deep-water species when they subsidize their fishing industries most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

MA: Of the following statements about feeding strategies, which is/are true? (5) Suspension feeding involves filtering plankton from seawater. Carnivorous feeding involves either passive or active predation. Carnivorous feeding involves organisms directly capturing and eating other animals. Deposit feeders include worms that ingest sediment that is coated with organic matter. Suspension feeding is the same thing as filter feeding

Of the following types of organisms, which one is considered to be LOWEST in a marine food web? Select only one answer. large nekton blue whales Zooplankton photosynthetic bacteria burrowing clams marine worms

MA: Of the following statements about marine fisheries, which is/are true? (3) Most marine fish stocks are currently being fished at their maximum sustainable yield. The world's total marine fish catch continues to increase year after year. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. The marine fishing industry has developed new high-tech methods that have virtually eliminated bycatch. A recent study indicates that if fishing practices continue, marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Match the organism with its correct descriptor of energy use or trophic level. flounder producer consumer

Match the organism with its correct descriptor of energy use or trophic level. Sargassum producer consumer

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. anchovy omnivore herbivore carnivore autotroph

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. sand star (Astropecten) herbivore autotroph carnivore omnivore

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. an organism that feeds on plants or animals carnivore omnivore autotroph herbivore

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. diatom omnivore herbivore carnivore autotroph

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. dolphin omnivore autotroph carnivore herbivore

T/F: The distinction between a food chain and a food web is that a food chain describes a linear relationship among trophic levels whereas a food web describes the interconnected relationships among trophic structures in nature.