BSC 2011 Ch 55

The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that __________.

Primary producers are _________.

Biological augmentation is a process that _________.

An example of restoration ecology is ________.

A measure of the total biomass accumulation during a given period of time is called the _________.

Important biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems include all of the following except the ________ cycle.

A measure of production that is calculated by subtracting autotrophic respiration from all primary production in an ecosystem is called _________.

The amount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to its own new biomass over a period of time is called __________.

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next-higher level is called ________.

Eutrophication in lakes is frequently the direct result of __________.

In a working ecosystem such as the arctic tundra, all of the following exist except _______.

Deforestation of a watershed _______.

The main decomposers in an ecosystem are __________.

The phosphorus cycle lacks a(n) __________ component.

Which of the following statements is true?

In an ecosystem, all incoming energy will eventually be __________.

Bioremediation is a process that _________.

Which of the following is an ecosystem?

Detritivores are _________.

How do iron levels affect phytoplankton populations in a marine ecosystem?

A measure of the total primary production in an ecosystem is called the _________.

The direct product of nitrogen fixation is __________.

The global hydrologic cycle supports a net flow of atmospheric water vapor __________.

Increased rates of decomposition occur in ________ ecosystems.

Most of the sunlight that reaches Earth __________.

A study of metabolic rates in a terrestrial community showed that the energy released by respiration exceeded the energy captured in photosynthesis. Which of the following situations is most likely?

The percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration is the _________.

What is the main abiotic reservoir for elements involved in local biogeochemical cycles, such as calcium and phosphorus?

Local conditions such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants may limit the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium available to a particular ecosystem, but the amount of carbon available to the system is seldom a problem. Why?

The law of conservation of mass is important in ecology because _________.

Which of the following statements is supported by the trophic relationships shown in the diagram?

Based on the food web diagram, label the following statements as true or false. Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement. Phytoplankton are primary consumers. Squids are secondary consumers. Squids are tertiary consumers. Leopard seals are quaternary consumers

Which of the following groups can be quaternary consumers in this food web? crabeater seals carnivorous plankton sperm whales baleen whales

The longest food chain in this food web includes nine groups of organisms. Which of the following groups is included in that food chain? elephant seals sperm whales birds crabeater seals

Which trophic levels do fishes occupy in this food web? primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers quaternary consumers

Five different baleen whale species are endangered and may go extinct. What would be the most likely effect of removing all baleen whales from this food web? The krill population would increase. The bird population would decrease. The crabeater seal population would decrease. Sperm whales would also go extinct.

Suppose that humans increase their consumption of Antarctic fishes, causing a significant reduction in the size of fish populations. What would be the most likely effect of a reduction in the size of Antarctic fish populations? (Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.) The carnivorous plankton population would . The elephant seal population would . The sperm whale population would

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. the rate at which it uses energy its food source the intensity of its competition with other species where it lives whether it is early or late in ecological succession

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the question. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer?

What do the bars on this graph represent? The solar energy available to each ecosystem as determined by its geographic location. The amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds for a given area per year. The percentage of Earth's total primary productivity contributed by various ecosystems. The average amount of solar energy absorbed by various ecosystems.

What is represented by the distance between two vertical white gridlines on this graph? A 500-fold increase in net primary productivity 500 g/m2/year Each line represents a different ecosystem. A doubling of net primary productivity

The net primary productivity of cultivated land is most similar to the net primary productivity of which ecosystem? Boreal forest (taiga) Temperate grassland Tropical rain forest Temperate deciduous forest

The biomass of cultivated land approximately equals the biomass of temperate grassland. Supported Not supported Cannot be determined from this graph.

According to this graph, algal beds and coral reefs have the highest net primary productivity. Supported Not supported Cannot be determined from this graph

The net primary productivity of an estuary ecosystem is roughly 12 times the net primary productivity of the open ocean. Supported Not supported Cannot be determined from this graph

Identifying trophic levels in a food web Use the following diagram of a food web to sort the items below.

Calculating trophic efficiency Calculate the trophic efficiency from each trophic level to the next for the pyramid of productivity (biomass pyramid) shown below.

Analyzing energy flow Which of the following statements about energy flow are true? Select the four statements that are true. -Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature. -If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. -In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy. -Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels. -Energy spent on cellular respiration is available to higher trophic levels. -Autotrophs typically capture about 90% of the available energy from the sun through photosynthesis. -Energy contained in feces is available to higher trophic levels.

What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the marsh is incorporated into gross primary production?

What percentage of the solar energy that reaches the marsh is incorporated into net primary production?

How much energy is lost by primary producers as respiration in this ecosystem?

How much energy is lost as respiration by the insect population?

If all of the detritus leaving the marsh is plant material, what percentage of all net primary production leaves the marsh as detritus each year?

The carbon cycle is one of many biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Can you identify the main features of a biogeochemical cycle and show how the carbon cycle exhibits these features? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

The carbon cycle describes the cycling of carbon between Earth's biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) reservoirs. Identify the major reservoirs and processes in the carbon cycle by labeling the diagram below. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the carbon cycle. First, drag the blue labels to the blue targets to identify the reservoirs in the carbon cycle. Then drag the pink labels to the pink targets to identify the processes in the carbon cycle.

Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy using more electrical appliances and cars choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work cutting down forests to build houses burning vegetation to clear land for agriculture