ALS4162 - Exam 1

Nearly 120 billion

Climate similar to Neotropics Disturbed landscapes Most of Florida is an island habitat Home of large exotic pet and plant industries Abundance of aquatic habitats Port of Miami - receives 85% of invasive species that enter the U.S. annually

a species that is not native to the continental United States; synonymous with "exotic" ex) kangaroos exotic to NA

Species that's arrived in a new region by any means (intentional or unintentional)

-An organism or species that is not native to the continental United States; synonymous with "alien"

-A species with one or several reproducing, self-sustaining populations in open ecosystems

-Determinies best screening protocols to prevent invasive species from being introduced into Florida

-The movement--including the unintentional introduction by humans--of an individual, group, or species into a geographical area, but having arrived by their own accord Ex) seeds on clothes could unintentionally hitchhike on a plane from one destination to another. They would be considered immigrants because it wasnt like humans intentionally brought the seeds on the plane

Cattle Egrets Love bugs Citrus leaf miners

Native (indigenous) and those that are non-native

wide spread (found in various geographical areas with similar climates - native in more than one place in the world) Presinctive - native and occurring only here

-The act of bringing an organism from a foreign place or country into another country

-A species or other viable biological material that is not native to an ecosystem or to a geographical region; includes exotic and transplanted species

-The intentional release (by humans) or escape of a nonindigenous species into a geographical region or into an ecosystem where it did not occur previously

-The means by which species are transported into a geographical region or into an ecosystem

About 42%

over 50 thousand

-escape from fish farms -release from commercial fishery -disposal of unwanted aquarium fish

• Fish farms & nurseries • Pet trade • Tourists • Ballast water

About 10 a year capable of causing economic and/or environmental harm Examples: low-bait lax gail (fish) black spiny tailed iguana pink hibiscus mealybug chilli thrips redbay ambrosia beetle burmese python

over 2200 many now naturalized and have invaded conservation lands and watereways

Agriculture horticulture forestry aquaculture recreation natural habitats enviornments

• > 1,000 plant species ~130 are invasive

• > 1,100 insect species -12 unintentional migrations of aquatic insects -27 importations of insects as a means of biological control

-19 (ex. hydrilla, alligator weed, water lettuce, & water hiason)

- 6 (ex. asian clam)

• 31 marine species

• 32 (Ex. blue talapia, walking catfish, black-chin talapia, lack acara most widely spread)

• 36 reptile & 3 amphibian species -marine toad, cuban tree frog, spectacled caiman (gator)

• 11 bird species ex. muscovy duck

• 18 mammal species ex. nutria

Devastating to waterways, eats all algae, taking away habitat for native wildlife

- formed in 2006 due to insects invading FL at alarming rate (1 species a month) • Invading arthropods pose significant problem - Small size - Mobility • framework needed to coordinate prevention & management efforts • improve detection, control and education programs

research, education and outreach

Institute of food and agricultural science

- 18 action items within the following categories: • Statewide coordination & inter governmental cooperation • Preventing new invasions • Surveillance • Rapid Response • Control and management • Public education

- composed of 13 representatives from 9 state agencies and the University of Florida -recognized that successful implementation of the 2003 plan can only happen with the involvement of INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, and BUSINESSES effected by IS

400 million annually

50 million to eradicate

conducted a multi-year 300 million dollar project

more than 240 million

More than 90 million spent by 9 state agencies

Clinton signed executive order to est. National Invasive Species council 13 federal agencies part of the council

Global Access

Global Navigation

Climate (similar to tropics) World trade in plants and animals Island - like geography

Exotic; Nonindigenous; Alien

Pathway

Herbicides

Biological control

Cattle tick

Tremendous reproductive potential, impact on shellfish, and ability to regenerate body parts

Bees/Wasps, spiders or snakes

Scotch broom

DE (defensive expenditure) & LEO (loss of economic output)

Rabbit

pasture degradation, Disease vectors, Predation

Giant buttercup

Reptiles & Birds

Rabbit

European Hare

Biosecurity Act

Social wasps, german wasps and common wasps

- Only 15% Known; Limited Knowledge about other (85%) • Numerous non-native species invading every nation, e.x., Johnson grass, cats

• < 0.01 % of the known plants feed ~ 90% of world's population!! • Only 8 animals provide meat, milk and eggs

human induced habitat destruction

• Competition / displacement of native species • Predation • Hybridization - loss of genetic integrity (ex. mallard duck mating with model duck) may not have any pure model ducks in FL in 100-200yrs

- father of IS awareness • First to investigate problem worldwide • Wrote book highlighting difficulty in controlling IS

Plants • # introduced plants = # native plants

Relative isolation has NOT provided protection from invaders

• Weeds impact crops systems, pastures & horticulture -Developed and implemented first weed biological control programs (ex. prickly-pear cacti)

~40% of est. species are invasive -cost austrailia about $500 mil a year

-invasive species that feeds on native cacti, bane in U.S.

• Bees, wasps, ticks, flies- human, livestock & wildlife injuries & death • Mosquitoes- by transmitting disease

Mites & wood wasps- damage crops & forests

$5 billion/year

Currently, ~ equal # of native & non-native species -Controlling/preventing weeds cost $276 million -Uncontrolled Species Cost $300 mil in damages

-Ecological catastrophe following human arrival to NZ: -European settlers added > 90 aliens - Cattle & sheep beneficial to NZ

dogs & rats; 60 native birds became extinct

-128 sp. now weeds of agri- & horticulture -Cost 34 billion in damage & control -Weed impacts: • Direct- displace native plants • Indirect- reduce fauna associated w/ natives -Most damage occurs in natural areas of the South & West

prob in everglages

-developed resistance to herbicides so now turning to pathogens and insects for biological control

-Costs for rodents & cats: $47 billion -Other pests include feral hogs, pigeons, starlings, cogui frog,

(preying on raccoon and possums

(concerned about getting into lake Michigan from Chicago and causing probs w/ native fish)

$15 billion a yr, b/c of Invasive insects that disrupt crops & forests cost

Crop & forest diseases cost ~ $13 billion a yr -HIV / AIDS & influenza cost ~ $92 billion -Also have new viruses coming into play from things like mosquitoes (dengue, ebola, tb)

FL citrus cancker and green disease

- fungus transmitted by beetles - have negative effect on native red bay trees

-120 K Non-native organisms est. in 7 countries -Cause $300 billion in damages & control -Origin & spread of human diseases still not well known • > 4 billion infected w/ tuberculosis & malaria • AIDS, flu & syphilis cause >40 K US deaths

Because there's globalization (movement and trade) of people & products -tourism, illegal immigration etc.

No. of alien plant species (APS) unknown, but estimated at 27,000 • 10 to 15 % naturalized Regional variation in APS • Offshore islands esp. vulnerable, > 50% • Consistent w/ Island Biogeography Theory no. of naturalized APS increasing by about 5 per yr

-Geographic isolation of islands causes dominance of very few native species so when invasive species enter, it can have a devastating effect -islands have simple ecosystems so seeds from nearing islands may enter offshore islands and have population explosions

• Crop spp. mostly alien economic plants • Pasture grass in S. Australia also alien • Origin- Mediterranean Europe • Some pasture sp. negatively impact crops • e.x. Trifolium subterraneum

• Mechanical • Cultivation of crop lands • Cultural • Resowing pastures • Chemical • Spraying w/ herbicides • Biological • Host specific natural enemies -Combining all of these areas to deal with the IS is known as integrated pest management

APS reduce crop & pasture yields • Contaminate agricultural products Take Home Message: Negative impacts of APS far outweigh positive ones

• Negatively impact livestock -Direct: poisoning -Indirect: poor performance (too many weeds=less grass & less wool) -Some APS could be mutagen (alter DNA) or teratogenic (effect fetus or embryo) ex.) sheep can eat a toxic plant (subterranen clover) that can cause abortion or birth defects

• Wild Oats, • Skeleton weed, • Mexican Feather Grass, • Spanish Thistle, • Blackberry-considered invasive in Austrailia and disliked

• Serrated Tussock, • Paterson's Curse or Salvation Jane most animals are either positive or negative, but plants are commonly seen as liked by some and disliked by others • Cost/Benefit Analysis led to biological control

- APS may impact both agro- & natural systems - Effects can be positive, negative or neutral - APS may provide food and refuge for other alien organisms

Positive: Can cause increase in pop. of rare marsupial mouse Negative: Loss of native sedgelands which are food for native geese

Positve: Increase in native insectivorous irs, plus combats insect problems Negative: Loss of native eucalyptus b/c salt cedar uses up a lot of water, and just outcompetes eucalyptus, which is ad for Koalas; some bird and reptiles negatively effected as well Neutral to grain feeding birds

• Large parts of Queensland & New South Wales • 30 million acres in Queensland completely covered In 1925, cactus-feeding moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, introduced to Australia with amazing result

Cacti problem solved w/in a few years

- used as anti-depressant - first plant to be targeted w/ biological control in the U.S.

-problem in Austrilia - liked by ranched b/c its high in omega-3 fatty acids (good for livestock) -can cause skin irritation, allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) -contains alkyloids which can interfere w/ liver in sheep

contact dermatitis (esp. in men)

Can cause death in ingested

Ingestion may cause sickness or death Effects can be acute or chronic, +/-

-Contain alkyloids that cause staggers (like drunk walking) and death in sheep

Contains nitrate ions and causes blood poisoning

Contains cryogenic compounds

Produce highly toxic oxalates

Monetary costs are high due to • Agricultural Losses • Human Health Effects More problems are anticipated • Increase in APS • Herbicide Resistance Negative impacts on biodiversity are difficult to quantify

• Human & animal migration • Transportation of goods • Weather patterns • Shorter travel times increase vector survival

Began with human colonization- 1780s • Mosquitoes, lice, stored food insects Would move from ships onto land

• Medical control costs • Worker absence (from infected people) • Lost tourism revenue • Ae. aegypti - Annually $2-17 million Dengue unlikely to become endemic???? • Lack of reservoir hosts • Sparse human pops. outside cities

problematic b/c theyre vectors of Dengue (flu like symptoms) & Hemorrahgic Fever (internal bleeding) • Aedes aegypti - Urban infections • Ae. albopictus - Rural infections Austrailia epidemic since mid 19th century MOrtality rate from dengue infections in 50%

• Dengue reintroduced into Queensland from Indonesia in Nov 2008 • DART failed to control outbreak • Emergency Response Team activated but slow to respond • Incident Management Team created but lacked expertise to deal w/ disease • Outbreak eventually declined 18 months later- May 2009 • Arrival of H1N1 Virus managed using new disaster response approach

• Pre-1990, cost of work lost due to Dengue outbreaks: $2 billion -currently annual cost of work tost is 2.3 billion • Since 2000, increase in Dengue outbreaks due to airport construction in Cairns • Difficult to justify that Dengue is not endemic in Australia • Gov't recommendation to collect/ store rain water in containers will likely exacerbate problem

• Breeds near livestock pens => High nutrient loads • Vector of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) & other flaviviruses in Northern Territory

• Headaches, fever, convulsions, coma, death • Hospitalization 14 days • 10-50% mortality rate • 40% of survivors suffer permanent mental /physical problems • Require chronic care • Vaccine 95% effective • Horses and pigs also affected

• European Honey Bee introduced in 1822 for honey production

• Aside from snake fatalities, bee (and wasp) stings leading cause of death from venomous organisms • Note: Hospitals code bee and wasp stings together (so maybe the bees are stingly less than the wasps but we dont know • US $10 million annual hospital expenditures • Economic impact of bees overwhelmingly positive despite human stings

• In contrast to bees, exotic wasps inflict damage w/ no redeeming benefit • Introduced in 1954, established in Tasmania 1959, mainland Australia 1977 • Wasp populations surged until National Control Strategy implemented in 1997- 1998 • Increased costs for horticulture, health care, tourism & nest destruction • Surprisingly, no human fatalities directly attributable to V. germanica

• Queens seek refuges in transported goods • Globalization of trade • Production of 1000s workers following single mating • Short generation time & high reproductive rate • High dispersal capacity • Survival in range of habitats & climates • Lack of natural enemies • Broad diet • Absence of competing queens during invasion process

• Resistance to 'natural' & chemical controls • Ecological, agricultural & health problems • Sting > 50% of endemic human pops annually • Production & control costs in US- > $250 million • USDA biobased area wide control program implemented recently -eradication efforts ongoing

• Effects of S. geminata - Limited to northern territories • S. invicta discovered in S. Queensland in 2001 • Suspected origin- US or SA

• Introduced in 1872 from Batavia • Distribution determined by low temp • Not established in Victoria, Tasmania & the South

• Direct: - Loss of condition, anemia, death, damaged hides -Loss of milk production, calves • Control Costs: -Stock handling, acaricides, toxicity, quarantine Indirect (tick borne diseases) • Vaccines, treatment, handling costs • Most costly invasive arthropod ($134 million)

• Papua NG (where fly est..) only 3 km from Australia • Fly capable of dispersing ~ 11 km • Intercepted on boats in Darwin Harbor • Obligate parasite of mammals • Cause cutaneous myiasis: condition where flies lay eggs in a wound and then larvae feed on flesh

Direct effects: • Damaged hides & muscle • Declines in production • Treatment costs, deaths • SIT- effective eradication program: introduce sterile males into the pop.

• First Detected in 1995 • Attacks Wide Variety of Fruit & Vegetables • Presence Resulted in Trade Bans • Successful Eradication Program- 1996

• Accept Pest & Redirect Exports to Papaya FF Countries ****Continue Exporting to Premium Market (best price on fruit) - Incur High Treatment Expense • Redirect Exports to Domestic Market - Incur Losses from Surplus

• Unsightly fruit edible but unsalable • Symptoms: • Lesions on stems, leaves, fruits • Premature leaf drop • Loss of plant vigor • Dispersal via infected plant material, wind, contaminated equipment

• Causative agent bacterium • Native to Asia on citrus & its relatives • Spread to New World, Middle East & Pacific region • Affects oranges, grapefruit, limes, etc.

• Disease first detected in Northern Territory in 1900s but eradicated by tree removal • New outbreak in 2004 • Central Queensland- 3 orchards • Eradication declared in February 2009 • Response program implemented by governments • Removal of commercial & non-commercial citrus & native hosts • Restrictions on replanting & introduction of potential hosts • Intensive surveillance program • Since 2005, costs for responses to exotic pests shared by gov't & private sector programs • Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed • Similar program for pests of livestock but NO comparable program for weeds, aquatic invaders or vertebrate pests.

• Cause production losses (~ $70 million) • Biological control program implemented in Papua NG (~$700 K) • Successful biocontrol program could reduce losses to $3 million annually • Example of a 'Short Route' biocontrol program • Transferring a successful program to new area • Reduced costs because R&D already done

• Destructive conifer timber pest • First detected in Perth (2004) • National Control Campaign implemented 2007 • Three alternative response scenarios: • Do nothing- Estimated costs $120 million over 30 years • Gov't ban of wood from infested area- compliance costs reduced to $37 million but $1 million in damage still expected

Apart from biocontrol agents, few examples of beneficial exotic arthropods Impacts • Major economic benefits • Beekeeping industry ($60-$65 million) • Production of honey, wax, and queen bees • Crop pollination • Apples, cotton, citrus, onions & mangoes • Conservative estimate ($1.2 billion) Impacts: • Nitrogen enrichment of soil by bee pollinated pasture legumes (~$1.9 billion) • Benefits not w/o costs if parasite invades • Varroa Mite (parasite of honey bees)

Australia has extensive coastline w/ numerous ports Vulnerable to invasion by invertebrate marine spp. via: • International shipping • Discharge of ballast water • Attachment to vessel hulls • Importation for aquarium trade • Deliberate introduction • Transport in fishing equipment In 1995, National Introduced Marine Species Port Survey program created • To date, 170 exotic species discovered

• Detected in Darwin marinas in 1999 • First recorded marine pest • Closely related to Zebra mussel in USA • Economic impact > $600 million/year • In India, BSM colonies impacted intertidal & sublittoral structures, vessels • In Australia, predicted to invade oyster farms, marine pumping facilities, recreational /inshore vessels, & all port facilities • Potential environmental impact substantial

• First discovered near Hobart, AU in 1986 • Well- adapted predator of shellfish but consumes any animal tissue • Tremendous reproductive potential • 1998- 50 specimens in Port Philip Bay • 1999- Increased to 12 million in 1 year • In 1999, pollution of Derwent Estuary linked to high seastar population • Recognized worldwide as significant pest of aquaculture, commercial & recreational fisheries • Threat to marine environment

• First discovered in Western AU in 1965 • Ballast water suspected vector • Dominant species in Port Philip Bay • Threat to scallop beds • Efficient phytoplankton filter feeder • Allows seagrass beds to overgrow • Intense food competition detrimental to native shellfish • IMO implemented obligatory international framework for ballast water management in 1998 • National system for prevention & management of marine pest incursions adopted 2003

• Inadvertently introduced into southeastern Tasmania in 1920s • Colonized more territory in Australia than any other exotic benthic pest!!! • Tolerates wide range of temperatures & depths • Hard shell immune to predation • Concern for scallops and native screw shells • Prolific breeder • Live & dead shell cover sea floor to depth of 80 meters!!! • Dead shells detrimental to other sea floor inhabiting animals

Introduced insect costs: • Production losses ~ $4.7 billion • Control Costs ~ $750 million • Total > $5 billion !!! Pest status of insects • Major pests- 50% • Sporadic pests- 23% • Minor pests- 10% Does NOT include pre-1971 pests