Which of the following uses CO2 for carbon and H2 for energy?
answer
Chemoautotroph
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What is meant by the statement "Enzymes are biological catalysts"?
answer
Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells.
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Why are enzymes important to biological systems?
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Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
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Which of the following statements are TRUE?
1-Electron carriers are located at ribosomes.
2-ATP is a common intermediate between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
3-ATP is used for the long-term storage of energy and so is often found in storage granules.
4-Anaerobic organisms are capable of generating ATP via respiration.
5-ATP can be generated by the flow of protons across protein channels.
answer
2, 4, 5
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Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is FALSE?
Anabolic reactions are degradative.
ATP is formed in catabolic reactions.
ADP is formed in anabolic reactions.
Heat may be released in both anabolic and catabolic reactions.
answer
Anabolic reactions are degradative.
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Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions produce energy, which is used to convert ADP to ATP.
Anabolic reactions use ATP and small substrates as building blocks to synthesize larger molecules.
Anabolic reactions break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones.
Anabolic and catabolic reactions both build complex organic molecules from simpler ones; however, anabolic reactions use ATP, whereas catabolic reactions transfer energy to create ATP.
answer
Anabolic reactions use ATP and small substrates as building blocks to synthesize larger molecules.
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In general, ATP is generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways.
answer
True
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Catabolic reactions are generally degradative and hydrolytic.
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True
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In metabolism, energy that is not used
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is given off as heat.
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The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called
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anabolism
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Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from?
answer
Catabolic reactions
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The use of amino acids to make proteins is an example of
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anabolism
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Which of the following compounds is NOT an enzyme?
dehydrogenase
cellulase
coenzyme A
?-galactosidase
sucrase
answer
coenzyme A
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Which of the following matches enzyme components with their correct definition and/or function?
Apoenzymes are typically inorganic molecules, such as iron, zinc, or magnesium.
Apoenzymes are the non-protein component of an enzyme.
Cofactors are the protein components of enzymes.
Coenzymes are the organic cofactors important to enzyme activity.
answer
Coenzymes are the organic cofactors important to enzyme activity.
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The use of enzymes is necessary to increase the activation energy requirements of a chemical reaction.
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False
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Which of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation?
A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP.
Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to O2.
Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to an organic compound.
ATP is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP.
answer
A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP.
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Which of the following statements about photophosphorylation is FALSE?
Light liberates an electron from chlorophyll.
Energy from oxidation reactions is used to generate ATP from ADP.
It requires CO2.
The oxidation of carrier molecules releases energy.
It occurs in photosynthesizing cells.
answer
It requires CO2.
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Gallionella bacteria can get energy from the reaction Fe2+ ? Fe3+. This reaction is an example of
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oxidation
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Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration is FALSE?
It yields lower amounts of ATP when compared to aerobic respiration.
It requires cytochromes.
It generates ATP.
It involves the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor.
The complete Krebs cycle is utilized.
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It involves the reduction of an organic final electron acceptor.
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What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration?
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It is converted into acetyl CoA.
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A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy
via
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glycolysis only.
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Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation?
answer
the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as electron acceptors
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Which of the following is NOT necessary for respiration?
flavoproteins
cytochromes
quinones
a source of electrons
oxygen
answer
oxygen
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Assume you are working for a chemical company and are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethanol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol. What is the most likely explanation?
answer
O2 is in the medium.
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In cellular respiration of glucose, what are the three principal stages?
answer
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
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Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both require oxygen as a final electron acceptor.
Aerobic respiration is less efficient than all forms of anaerobic respiration, producing less ATP and larger end-products.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an organic molecule.
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Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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Glycolysis is utilized by cells in both respiration and fermentation.
answer
True
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Which biochemical process is NOT used during glycolysis?
enzymatic reactions
beta oxidation
substrate-level phosphorylation
carbohydrate catabolism
oxidation-reduction
answer
beta oxidation
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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the oxidation of proteins?
Microbes produce extracellular enzymes to reduce proteins to their fatty acid and glycerol components so that each component can enter the Krebs cycle.
After deamination of the protein, the organic acid enters the Krebs cycle.
Enzymes break down proteins into component amino acids.
The amino group is removed through deamination and converted to nitrogenous waste, such as NH4+.
answer
Microbes produce extracellular enzymes to reduce proteins to their fatty acid and glycerol components so that each component can enter the Krebs cycle.
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Microbes are often identified using biochemical tests that detect specific enzymes of metabolic pathways. E. coli typically ferments lactose, whereas Shigella does not. If a pure culture of each bacterium was placed in a tube containing lactose as the only food source, and a chemical indicator changed color after a pH change, what would the tubes look like after the bacteria were incubated?
answer
The tube with E. coli would indicate a pH change, and the Shigella tube would indicate no change.
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In noncyclic photophosphorylation, O2 is released from
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H2O.
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Carbon fixation occurs during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis.
answer
True
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Both respiration and photosynthesis require the use of an electron transport chain.
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True
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Which organism is NOT correctly matched to its energy source?
photoautotroph - CO2
photoheterotroph - light
chemoheterotroph - glucose
chemoautotroph-NH3
chemoautotroph - Fe2+
answer
photoautotroph - CO2
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Which uses CO2 for carbon and H2 for energy?
answer
chemoautotroph
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Which uses glucose for carbon and energy?
answer
chemoheterotroph
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Cyanobacteria are a type of
answer
photoautotroph
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What term refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism and catabolism?
answer
amphibolic pathways
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What is glycolysis, and where does it occur in the cell? What are the starting products, and what are the final products:
answer
The main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Occurs within the cytoplasm.
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ADP + 2 PO4- + 2 NAD
2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+
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metabolism
answer
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living cell.
question
anabolism
answer
building of complex organisms from simpler ones.
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catabolism
answer
the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.
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decarboxylation
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The removal of CO2 from an amino acid.
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ATP (energy coupling)
answer
An intracellular energy source.
question
denaturation - protein structure
answer
A change in molecular structure of a protein, usually making it nonfunctional.
question
NAD
answer
A coenzyme that functions in the removal and transfer of hydrogen ion H- and electrons from substrate molecules.
Oxidative: Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) and is used to generate ATP in the ETC.
Photo: Light causes cholorphyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP.
Produces ATP during Kreb's cycle.
question
enzyme
answer
Large globular protein
Name ends in -ase
Regulates complex biochemical reactions by reducing activation energy.
question
exoenzymes
answer
An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell
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endoenzymes
answer
An endoenzyme, or intracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was produced
question
pyruvic acid
answer
organic acid that occurs in the intermediate step of glycolosis.
question
deamination
answer
The removal of an amino group from an amino acid to form ammonia
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aerobic respiration
answer
Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen, O2.
question
anaerobic respiration
answer
Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the ETC is an inorganic molecule other than O2.
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fermentation
answer
The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule., ATP is synthesized by substrate- level phosphorylation., and O2 is not required.
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CO2 fixation
answer
Conversion of CO2 (which is inorganic) into organic compounds by living things. (photosynthesis.)
question
chemiosmosis; protonmotive force
answer
A mechanism that uses a proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to generate ATP.
question
Co-factor/co-enzyme
answer
A non-protein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme.
question
competitive inhibition
answer
A form of inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate.
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Non competitive (allosteric) inhibition
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A form of inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds to a enzyme, whether or not it has already bound to the substrate.
question
feedback inhibition
answer
Inhibition of an enzyme in a particular pahtway by the accumulation of the end-product of the pathway; aka end product inhibition.
question
Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle)
answer
A pathway that converts two-carbon compounds to CO2, transferring electrons to NAD+ and other carriers.
question
Glycolysis
answer
The main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.
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