Master A&P Ch.1

25 July 2022
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question
"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is -teleological -scatological -metalogical. -mechanistic -theological
answer
teleological
question
Which is the following is an example of compartmentation at the intracellular level? -Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions. The calcium is released during muscle contraction and then pumped back into the SR as the muscle relaxes. -The walls of arteries consist of an outer connective tissue layer, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, and an inner endothelial lining. -Regions of the brain are specialized for different functions. -The heart is divided into four chambers, with two upper chambers that receive incoming blood and two lower, more muscular chambers that send blood out into the circulation.
answer
Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions. The calcium is released during muscle contraction and then pumped back into the SR as the muscle relaxes.
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Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? -intracellular fluid -red blood cells -cell membrane -extracellular fluid -All of the answers are correct.
answer
extracellular fluid
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The main homeostatically regulated compartment of the body is __________. -extracellular fluid -fluid within neurons in the brain -intracellular fluid -fluid within the cavities (lumens) of hollow organs
answer
extracellular fluid
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Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? -local control -negative feedback -nociceptive feedback -positive feedback
answer
positive feedback
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Which term best describes the component of a control system that receives information about the status of a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response? -regulator -integrating center -densor -receptor
answer
integrating center
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Consider the following examples of homeostatic regulation: In response to an increase in plasma K+ concentrations, secretion of the hormone aldosterone increases and mechanisms that bring K+ levels back to normal are initiated. In response to a decrease in plasma Ca2+ concentrations, secretion of parathyroid hormone increases and mechanisms that bring Ca2+ levels back to normal are initiated. Which of the statements below is true: -Only the first example demonstrates negative feedback because the regulated variable (plasma K+) is lowered as a result. -The second example illustrates positive feedback because the regulated variable (plasma Ca2+) increases. -Both examples demonstrate positive feedback, because the alteration in the regulated variable results in an increase in secretion of the regulating hormone. -Both are examples of negative feedback regulation.
answer
Both are examples of negative feedback regulation.
question
Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position? -Arms fully extended -Legs are straight with toes aimed forward -Palms facing inward towards the thighs -Nose facing forward
answer
Palms facing inward towards the thighs
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Which of the following is located in a median position? -mouth -shoulder -lung -Right foot
answer
mouth
question
The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle? -The knee is superior to the ankle. -The knee is medial to the ankle. -The knee is superficial to the ankle. -The knee is contralateral to the ankle.
answer
The knee is superior to the ankle.
question
The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain? -The cranial bones are proximal to the brain. -The cranial bones are superficial to the brain. -Cranial bones are anterior to the brain. -The cranial bones are lateral to the brain.
answer
The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.
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Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal? -distal -ventral -posterior -lateral
answer
posterior
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What does it mean if an article has been peer reviewed? -The work has been read by an anonymous panel of researchers in a different field than that represented by the article. -The work has been read by an anonymous panel of doctors. -The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science. -The work has been read by an anonymous panel of people from the general public.
answer
The work has been read by an anonymous panel of scientists qualified to judge the science.
question
What is a review article and why might it be beneficial for a novice in a subject matter to read? -It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand. -It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because it is written as a summary paper that can be understood by a novice. -It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it is full of technical language providing a more in-depth understanding of the subject matter. -It is a technical paper based on a single research project; because for an accurate understanding of the topic, one must read about it in as much detail as possible.
answer
It contains a synopsis of recent research on a particular topic; because it gives a general summary of several technical papers, making it easier for a novice to understand.
question
Which of the following search combinations would render in the most accurate results if you wanted to know if there was a link between the consumption of high fructose corn syrup and the incidence of type II diabetes? -high fructose corn syrup -high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes -corn syrup AND diabetes -incidence of type II diabetes
answer
high fructose corn syrup AND the incidence of type II diabetes
question
Which of the following websites would be best if you wanted to learn about the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy on reducing the symptoms associated with menopause? -www.mayoclinic.com -www.estroven.com -www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus -www.webmd.com
answer
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus
question
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is -4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. -4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. -4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. -6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1. -2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5.
answer
4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5.
question
The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor? -mechanistic -teleological -anatomical -meterological -translational
answer
teleological
question
Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. Which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body? -Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. -Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane. -Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required. -Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport. -Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP.
answer
Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
question
________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. -Independent variables, steady state -Setpoints, regulated variable -Dependent variables, lowest value -Steady state values, integrating center -Regulated variables, setpoint
answer
Regulated variables, setpoint
question
In response to the presence of glucose in the stomach, mechanisms are set in motion resulting in release of insulin, which acts to increase glucose uptake and thus decrease blood glucose. This happens before blood glucose levels have increased. This response is best described as __________. -negative feedback control -homeostasis -positive feedback control -feedforward control
answer
feedforward control
question
The human body requires a nearly constant inflow of food, water, and oxygen to remain alive. As a whole, the human body is an example of a ______. -steady state system -equilibrium system
answer
steady state system
question
At any given moment, in an solution consisting of NaCl dissolved in water most of the Na+ and Cl- ions are dissociated from one another. However, a small percentage of these ions collide with one another and recombine to form NaCl. If the temperature of the system is maintained constant and no chemicals are added to or subtracted from the system, the ratio of dissociated Na+ to Na+ that has recombined with Cl- is relatively constant. This is an example of a system in ______. -equilibrium -steady steady
answer
equilibrium
question
The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of approach? -anatomical -translational -teleological -mechanistic -meterological
answer
teleological
question
Individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus do not make enough insulin. Which would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body? -Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP. -Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport. -Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane. -Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required. -Insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
answer
Insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
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A mother nurses her newborn boy with breast milk because he needs nutrients. This is an example of a __________ approach to explain why a mother nurses. -theological -mechanistic -teleological -homeostatic
answer
teleological
question
Which of the following is an example of compartmentation at the intracellular level? -Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions. The calcium ions are released during muscle contraction and then pumped back into the SR as the muscle relaxes. -The walls of arteries have an outer connective tissue layer, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, and an inner endothelial lining. -The heart is divided into four chambers, with two upper chambers that receive incoming blood and two lower chambers that send blood out into the circulation. -Regions of the brain are specialized for different functions.
answer
Skeletal muscle cells have organelles called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that contain large stores of calcium ions. The calcium ions are released during muscle contraction and then pumped back into the SR as the muscle relaxes.
question
When blood glucose levels are high -The pancreas releases glucose. -The liver releases insulin. -The pancreas releases glucagon. -The pancreas releases insulin. -The liver releases glucagon.
answer
The pancreas releases insulin.
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A liver cell responds to insulin by -Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. -Releasing insulin. -Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. -Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. -Releasing glucagon.
answer
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
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What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? -Cells in the pancreas. -Muscle cells. -Intestinal cells. -Liver cells. -Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
answer
Liver cells.
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Body cells that respond to insulin include -Liver cells and muscle cells only. -Muscle cells only. -Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. -Intestinal cells only. -Liver cells only.
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Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
question
When blood glucose levels are low -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
answer
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
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The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called -positive feedback. -negative feedback. -homeostasis. -diabetes -None of the above.
answer
homeostasis.
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Which is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? -red blood cells -cell membrane -extracellular fluid -intracellular fluid -All of the answers are correct.
answer
extracellular fluid
question
Excretion is a function of the body. Which would be considered excretion? -Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream. -Movement of glucose from the kidney to the bloodstream. -Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin. -Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urine -Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream.
answer
Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.
question
Which is the most accurate definition of homeostasis? -The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions as long as external conditions remain relatively constant -The ability of an organism to prevent changes in internal conditions even though external conditions may change -The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though external conditions may change -The ability of an organism to return to its original home (for example, migrating animals)
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The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though external conditions may change
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Steps of the response loop.
answer
Stimulus-sensor-input signal-integrating center-output signal-target-response
question
Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger? -positive feedback -local control -nociceptive feedback -negative feedback
answer
positive feedback
question
________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. -Steady state values, integrating center -Setpoints, regulated variable -Dependent variables, lowest value -Regulated variables, setpoint -Independent variables, steady state
answer
Regulated variables, setpoint
question
Vasodilation of blood vessels supplying muscles in response to increased carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of -hormonal control. -neural control. -long-distance control. -reflex control. -local control.
answer
local control.
question
Which term best describes the part of a control system that receives information about a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response? -Receptor -Sensor -Integrating center -Regulator
answer
Integrating center
question
Think about the following examples of homeostatic regulation: In response to an increase in plasma K+ concentrations, the hormone aldosterone brings K+ levels back to normal. In response to a decrease in plasma Ca2+ concentrations, parathyroid hormone brings Ca2+ levels back to normal. Which of the statements below is true? -Both are examples of positive feedback, because the change in the regulated variable results in an increase in secretion of the regulating hormone. -Both are examples of negative feedback regulation. -The second is an example of positive feedback because the regulated variable (plasma Ca2+) increases. -Only the first is an example of negative feedback, because the regulated variable (plasma K+) is lowered as a result.
answer
Both are examples of negative feedback regulation.
question
In response to glucose in the stomach, mechanisms are stimulated resulting in release of insulin, which acts to increase glucose uptake and thus decrease blood glucose. This happens before blood glucose levels have increased. This response is best described as __________. -feedforward control -positive feedback control -negative feedback control -homeostasis
answer
feedforward control