Bio 240 Mastering Biology

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue? -muscle -epithelial -connective -blood -nervous

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? -simple epithelium -squamous epithelium -stratified epithelium -simple cuboidal cells -columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? -stratified cuboidal epithelium -simple cuboidal cells -simple columnar epithelium -stratified columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? -stratified squamous epithelium -simple cuboidal cells -stratified cuboidal epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? -stratified squamous epithelium -stratified cuboidal epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -simple cuboidal cells -stratified transitional epithelium

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? -Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. -Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins. -Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses. -There are three types of connective tissue. -Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces.

Which of these describes loose connective tissue? -It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. -It is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone. -It is a rigid material that provides structural support. -It transports nutrients and gases from one part of the body to another. -It plays a role in padding, insulation, and energy storage.

Cartilage is found _____. -surrounding organs such as the kidneys -in the heart -at the ends of bones such as the femur -covering the surface of your body -connecting one bone to another

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. -Bone -Blood -Adipose tissue -Muscle tissue -Cartilage

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? -smooth muscle -skeletal muscle -striated muscle -voluntary muscle -cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. -branched -unstriated -unbranched and cylindrical -spindle shaped -striated

_____ muscle is attached to bones. -Smooth -Involuntary -Cardiac -Branched -Skeletal

A neuron consists of _____. -a cell body only -dendrites only -axons only -dendrites, a cell body, and axons -striations

Nervous tissue functions _____. -as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens -to physically move the body -to sense stimuli -to physically support the body -in the absorption of nutrients

Which of the following is a correct match of cell type with structure? -nerve cell ... closely joined -skin cell ... has a large volume -intestinal cell ... closely joined -muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth -skin cell ... has long extensions

Which term describes a mechanism by which the internal conditions of an organism are kept at set values without regard to the external conditions? -Conformational homeostasis. -Regulatory homeostasis. -Thermoregulation. -Negative feedback.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? -Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment. -Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments. -Regulates the excretion of waste. -Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment.

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value? -Sensor. -Set point. -Effector. -Integrator.

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment? -Integrator. -Sensor. -Effector. -Set point.

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body? -Shivering. -Dilating blood vessels. -Sweating. -Panting.

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response? -The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot. -The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates further contractions. -After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. -A person who loses 3 pounds continues to diet to lose an additional 10 pounds.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? -As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster. -After you eat, glucagon stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels. -After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels. -The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin. -Once labor begins, contractions increase in frequency and intensity.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____. -a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen -less surface area -a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio -less surface area per unit of volume

All animals, whether large or small, have _____. -a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac -a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm -an external body surface that is dry -most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____. -pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -simple columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____. -smooth muscle cells -epithelial tissue -neural tissue -connective tissue

Connective tissues typically have _____. -relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix -the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses -the ability to shorten upon stimulation -little space between the membranes of adjacent cells

If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____. -elastic fibers -adipose tissue -collagenous fibers -reticular fibers

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. -it contains more than one type of cell -its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix -it is found within all the organs of the body -its cells can move from place to place

Most types of communication between cells utilize _____. -chemical or electrical signals -the exchange of DNA between the cells -the movement of the cells -the exchange of cytosol between the cells

All types of muscle tissue have _____. -interactions between actin and myosin -cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated -striated banding patterns seen under the microscope -a response that can be consciously controlled

Cardiac muscle cells are both _____. -smooth and under voluntary control -striated and under voluntary control -striated and interconnected by intercalated disks -smooth and under involuntary control

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____. -skeletal muscle -striated muscle -cardiac muscle -smooth muscle

You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____. -a neuron -a tendon -epithelial -adipose

Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. What type of tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely associated with? -connective -epithelial -muscle -nervous

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? -Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape. -Round the clay up into a sphere. -Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. -Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds.

If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____. -that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment -in its skeleton for structure -in its muscular system for movement -in its nervous system for sensing external stimuli

Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation? -enzymatic catalysis -negative feedback -feedback inhibition -positive feedback

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. -catalytic feedback -negative feedback -protein-protein interactions -positive feedback

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____. -a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water -the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C -the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume -the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? -During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions. -When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases. -When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates lactation). -After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels? -conformation -regulation -integration -assimilation

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? -acclimatization -evolution -adaptation -trade-off

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. -capillaries of the lungs -capillaries of the abdominal organs -capillaries of the hind limbs -capillaries of the head and forelimbs -capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs

The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. -aorta -capillaries -inferior vena cava -pulmonary artery -right ventricle

Blood pressure is highest in the _____. -aorta -inferior vena cava -superior vena cava -pulmonary artery -capillaries

Most gas exchange with blood vessels occurs across the walls of?

Arteries carry blood _____.

Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

What is the function of a circulatory system?

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?

True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?

Which event occurs first during diastole?

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

Voice sounds are produced by the _____.

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? -fishes -sparrows -grasshoppers -dogs -jellyfish and cnidarians

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? -Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. -In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. -When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. -Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. -Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria.

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? -Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. -Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. -Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart. -Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. -The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures? -crabs -alligators -earthworms -ants -salmon

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____.

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is?

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except -an alveolus. -the trachea. -the right atrium. -the right ventricle. -the pulmonary vein.

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

How does the dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin compare to that for maternal hemoglobin?

Capillary beds are the site of?

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?