Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:
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The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception & continues through the human life span; the product of biological, cognitive, & socioemotonal process
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The_______approach to the study of the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, & decline in old age
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Traditional
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Life expectancy has increased by_____years during the 20th century.
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30
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The life expectancy in the United States is currently:
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78 years of age
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The maximum life span of humans:
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122 years
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___________means the capacity of change
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Plasticity
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Which type of influence is most likely to be common to people of a particular generation?
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Normative History
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____________are unusual occurrences the have a major impact on the individual's life
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Non-normative life events
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Non-normative life events:
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events are those that occur unexpectedly, such as natural disasters, loss of a family member & war, even in case that death or illness, unspecific ages, are statistically considered normative
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_______encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
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Culture
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These comparisons provide information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across culture, or is instead culture-specific
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Cross-cultural studies
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Socioeconomic statues (SES) refers to:
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the group of people with similar occupational, educational, & economic characteristics
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Two concepts help provide a framework for describing & understanding an individual's development:
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Development processes & periods of development
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________process refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, & language
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Cognitive
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The connection across biological, cognitive, & socioemotional process is most obvious in the two rapid emerging fields of:
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-Development cognitive neuroscience: which explores links between development, cognitive process, & the brain
-Developmental social neuroscience: which examines connections between sociemotional process, development, & the brains
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A developmental period refers to:
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a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features
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The______period is the time from conception to birth
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Prenatal
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The developmental period that runs from approximately 40 years of age to about 60 years of age is:
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middle adulthood
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______has the longest span of any period of development & the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically
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late adulthood
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Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development & aging increasingly describe life-span development in terms of four "ages". The "third age" in this conceptualization span from"
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60-79 years of age
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Determing________age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs
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biological
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______age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age
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Psychological
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In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _______nurture to its_______
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biological inheritance,enviromental experiences
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The_________issues involves the degree to which early traits & characteristics persist through life or change
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stability-change
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In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development continuity refers to_________, while discontinuity implies_________
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cumulative change, district stages
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Identify the correct four-steps process followed in the scientific method
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(1) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
(2) Collect research information (date)
(3) Analyze data
(4) Draw conclusion
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A theory may suggest_________, which are specific assertions & predictions that can be tested
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hypothesis
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________theories describe development as primarily unconscious & heavily colored by emotion
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Psychoanalytic
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identify the correct order of the five stages of psychosexual development set out in Freud's theory of development
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, & genital
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According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:
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the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage & the demands of reality
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The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the ________ theory of development
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psychosocial
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As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:
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according to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability & enhanced potential
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Erik Erikson's development theory consists of____stages that last from birth______
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late adulthood
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The first stage in Erikson's theory is:
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Trust versus mistrust is Erikson's first psychosocial stage, which is experienced in the first year of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage for lifelong exception that the world will be good & pleasant place to live
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___________is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive & reproduce
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Natural Section
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__________behavior is behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat
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Adaptive
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________introduced the theory of evolution by natural selections in 1859
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Darwin
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_______is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a serial staircase, and contains genetic information
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DNA
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_______, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins
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Genes
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_______are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes
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Proteins
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Scientists had thought that humans had as many as 100,000 or more genes, but recent research indicates a figure of approximately:
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20,500 genes
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What are gametes?
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Human reproductive cell, egg & sperm
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_______is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell
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Fertilization
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During the process of ______, the cell's nucleus---includig the chromosomes---duplicates itself and the cell divides
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mitosis
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Expect for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have_____chromosomes
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46
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During_______, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell
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meiosis
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By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has______chromosomes
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23
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During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a(n)_______
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zygote
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________________develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person
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Identical twin (also called monozygotic twins)
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________genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to certain diseases and be more likely to live to an older age
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Longevity genes
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________genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to certain diseases and be more likely to live to an older age
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Susceptibility
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_______refers to a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material
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Genotype
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A genotype is ________percent of a person's genetic material
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100
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________is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics
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Genetic material
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In some cases, one gene of pair always exerts is effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the____________principle.
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dominant-recessive genes
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A recessive gen exerts its influence only if:
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the two genes of a pair are both recessive
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Which of the following is a chromosomal abnormality?
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Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, XYY syndrome
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Klinefelter syndrome affects:
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(A chromosomal disorder in which makes have an extra X chromosomes, making them XXY instead of XY) Impairment in languages, academic, attentional & motor abilities in boys
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Sickle-cell anemia occurs most often in:
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African American
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__________is a prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant women's abdomen
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Ultrasound sonography
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__________is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth
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Adoption
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Increasingly, U.S. couples are adopting:
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a much wider diversity of children from other countries, other ethic groups, with physical or metal disablitlyity's, neglected or abused children
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