Global Health Final

Based on experiences in China and India, in addition to providing improved stoves, what can be done to encourage uptake? A. Establish national and local policies that encourage the change in stoves and fuels. B. Involve end users in needs assessment and design approaches. C. Encourage the development of competitive suppliers and market choice by promoting demand for better stoves and fuels. D. All of these are correct.

Which statement about the burden of disease from environmental factors is false? A. About 8.4% of the total burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries is due to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene, urban air pollution, and indoor air pollution. B. There is tentative evidence linking indoor air pollution with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight. C. Most deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution occurs in adults less than 45 years of age. D. Most DALYs attributable to poor sanitation, water, and hygiene occur primarily in young children.

What is the most cost-effective intervention to improve health in a rural village in a country like Nepal? A. Constructing household water connections B. Promoting better sanitation C. Constructing a community-based water system, along with promoting hygiene D. Promoting wearing shoes

Based on experiences in China and India, in addition to providing improved stoves, what can be done to encourage uptake? A. Establish national and local policies that encourage the change in stoves and fuels. B. Involve end users in needs assessment and design approaches. C. Encourage the development of competitive suppliers and market choice by promoting demand for better stoves and fuels. D. All of these are correct.

What is not one of the top three environmental factors leading to disease in low- and middle-income countries? A. Urban air pollution B. Indoor air pollution C. Unhealthy urban lifestyle D. Unsafe water, hygiene, and excreta disposal

Which disease is least likely to be attributed to poor sanitation, water, and hygiene? A. Colon cancer B. Enteroviral illness C. Hookworm infestation D. Trachoma

What best defines water-washed transmission of infection? A. Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene B. Pathogen in the water is ingested C. Transmission by insects that breed in water D. Transmission via an aquatic intermediate host

Which statement about indoor air pollution is true? A. Indoor air pollution can lead directly to iron deficiency anemia. B. The key to resolving this issue is improving household ventilation. C. It is caused by complete combustion of biomass fuels and coal burned inside the house. D. Indoor air pollution can lead to a variety of respiratory problems.

Improved access to water for hygiene purposes would have the greatest impact on: A. TB B. Malaria C. HIV D. Scabies

What is least likely a potential barrier to using improved sanitation systems in low- and middle-income countries? A. Lack of knowledge of options B. Lack of skill in the construction and installation of toilets C. Local laws D. Lack of NGO involvement

What is likely to be least related to the social determinants of health? A. Female infanticide B. Dowry death C. Breast cancer D. Sexual abuse

The top three direct causes of maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries are: A. Hemorrhage, sepsis, and obstructed labor B. Unsafe abortion, obstructed labor, and sepsis C. Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and obstructed labor D. Hemorrhage, sepsis, and hypertensive disorders

Which intervention is most critical for preventing maternal mortality? A. Establishing emergency obstetric services B. Providing skilled birth attendance C. Providing prenatal care D. Training of traditional birth attendants

What is the most cost-effective intervention in low-resource settings to treat diarrhea and prevent its complications and mortality? A. Antibiotic treatment B. Intravenous fluid administration C. Consumption of large quantities of water D. Oral rehydration therapy

Early adolescence is defined as the period between: A. Ages 10 and 14 B. Ages 10 and 12 C. Ages 9 and 11 D. Ages 9 and 16

Anxiety disorders are a leading cause of DALYs among: A. Females, ages 10-14 B. Males, ages 10-14 C. Females, ages 15-19 D. Males, ages 15-19

What does not fall under "the three delays" of childbirth? A. Delay providing emergency obstetric care B. Delay obtaining the services of a traditional birth attendant C. Delay identifying complications and seeking care D. Delay transporting a woman to the hospital

The three leading causes of deaths among adolescents globally are: A. Road injury, HIV/AIDS, and self-harm B. HIV/AIDS, self-harm, and malaria C. Tuberculosis, malaria, and road injury D. Tuberculosis, diarrheal disease, and road injury

What is a risk factor for violence and sexual abuse against women? A. A post-conflict situation B. Low socioeconomic status of the woman and her abuser C. Proximity to drugs or alcohol by the woman and her abuser D. All of these are correct.

Which region has seen the largest percentage decline in under-5 mortality since 1990? A. South Asia B. Latin America and the Caribbean C. Middle East and North Africa D. Sub-Saharan Africa

Which of the following statements is true? A. The incidence of complex emergencies has stayed steady over time. B. Humanitarian workers have increasingly been the targets of those who are fighting in a conflict area. C. The health impact of natural disasters has been considerably greater than that of complex emergencies. D. All of these are correct.

An indicator commonly used to assess the health impact of a complex humanitarian emergency is: A. Crude mortality rate B. Age-specific mortality rate C. Cause-specific mortality rate D. Age-adjusted mortality rate

Which statement about the prevention and control of complex humanitarian emergencies is false? A. If the daily crude mortality rate is twice the normal rate, it signifies a public health emergency. B. Assessing displaced populations and establishing a disease surveillance system is crucial. C. It is critical to detect health-related problems as soon as possible and take steps to mitigate them. D. It is not essential to check the weight-for-height of all under-5 children.

The cause of mortality during a natural disaster is likely to be: A. An epidemic linked to lack of safe water, sanitation, food, or access to health services B. A lack of access to health care due to damage to health infrastructure C. The direct result of the disaster on the health of individuals D. All of these are correct.

What is least likely to cause a negative health impact in a complex humanitarian emergency? A. Long duration of the emergency B. Humanitarian assistance C. Systematic abuse of human rights D. Migration of large numbers of people

Which statement regarding the burden of natural disasters is false? A. Earthquakes can kill many people quickly. B. Tsunamis take most of their victims immediately by drowning and cause relatively few injuries. C. Ninety percent of deaths from volcanoes occur from the lava flow of volcanoes. D. None of these are correct.

People who flee or are forced to migrate during a disaster and leave their homes but stay in the country in which they were living are called: A. Externally displaced persons B. No special name C. Internally displaced persons D. Refugees

What would you do to ensure a safe and healthy environment for displaced people? A. Provide urgent nutritional supplementation to severely malnourished children. B. Provide appropriate sanitation facilities, and separate toilets by sex to provide safety for women. C. Help displaced persons return to their homes as quickly as possible. D. All of these are correct

What is the most common cause of death among refugees? A. Diarrhea B. Measles C. Pellagra D. Malaria

What would you do to address mental health issues in a complex humanitarian emergency? A. Provide basic services and security, community and family support. B. Use existing mental health services by building on local capacities, supporting self-help practices, and fortifying available resources. C. Protect human rights. D. All of these are correct.

Which statement best applies to push mechanisms? A. Guarantee for a product at the end B. Tend to have biggest impact on later stages of product development C. Money can be recovered in case no product is produced D. Reduce risk and encourage product development through lowering the costs of product development, with a focus on research and development

Which of the following might be a lesson of experience from product development partnerships (PDPs), such as Aeras and the Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative? A. There is a need to consider novel approaches to product development and eventual product delivery. B. Partnering with innovative low- and middle-income countries is an essential strategy for product development. C. PDPs need to combine many of the best aspects of the public sector, the nonprofit sector, and the private sector if they are going to succeed in their mission. D. All of these are correct.

What is not a barrier to entry to vaccine manufacturing? A. Government regulations and liability concerns may reduce the prospects of profit that firms can make from vaccine production. B. Vaccine development requires a considerable amount of upstream investment. C. Pharmaceutical firms can earn a higher return on money invested in drug development than vaccines. D. The number of firms engaged in vaccine production worldwide is already large.

Tiered pricing is: A. Charging different prices in different markets for the same product B. Altering the supply to result in differential pricing C. Charging higher prices in countries with higher need for the product D. All of these are correct.

Which statement about pull mechanisms is least likely? A. Examples of pull mechanisms are tax credits for research and development or handing over research findings to firms. B. They are intended to help assure a future return in the event that a product is produced. C. The Advance Market Commitments and the International Finance Facility are in place to exert a pull on new product development. D. The government and the private sector have to agree early on what the financial arrangements would be for any product developed under an advance market commitment.

Which option best represents the ideal characteristics of drugs for use in low- and middle-income countries? A. Easy to transport and store, injectable, heat sensitive, single dose B. Easy to transport and store, oral administration, heat stable, single dose C. Easy to transport and store, oral administration, heat sensitive, single dose D. Bulky, oral administration, heat sensitive, multiple doses

What is a current constraint for applying science and technology to global health problems? A. The costs for researching and developing new products are very high, diverting the focus towards more potentially income generating products and markets. B. The insufficient attention until relatively recently to the health conditions of low- and middle-income countries. C. Most of the research and development is carried out in the for-profit sector, which does not see a market for their goods in low- and middle-income countries. D. All of these are correct.

Which statement about the International Finance Facility for Immunisation is false? A. It helps ensure long-term and predictable financing for vaccine programs. B. The IFFIm funds are used by the Gavi Alliance to reduce the number of vaccine preventable deaths and illnesses among under-5 children. C. It was launched as a charity by the government of the United States. D. It was created to address the lack of secure funding for immunization in low-income countries.

What is a special challenge of expanding coverage of the HPV vaccine, compared to the six basic antigens of the EPI program? A. Lack of vaccine availability B. Unwillingness of manufacturers to have the product used in low- and middle-income countries C. Difficulty manufacturing the vaccine D. Providing to adolescents, who are not normally the target group for childhood immunization

Push mechanisms for enhancing new product development include all the following, except: A. Performing or facilitating clinical trials B. Transferable patents C. Direct financing D. Tax credits for research and development

Which of the following represents public-private partnerships for public health? A. Medicines for Malaria Venture B. Aeras C. Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative D. All of these are correct.

Which statement about the Welcome Trust is true? A. It is a major funder of health research. B. It funds research only for the problems of high-income countries. C. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization. D. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization, and is a major funder of health research. E. It is a major funder of health research, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries. F. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries.

Which statement about WHO is false? A. It is primarily a technical agency involved in advocacy, and generating and sharing knowledge. B. It is governed through the annual World Health Assembly. C. It is a major financing agency for global health projects. D. It leads the development of international agreements and conventions.

UNITAID is largely financed by: A. Donations from partner countries B. Tax on the purchase of airplane tickets in donor countries C. Patents from new drugs D. Sin taxes on alcohol and tobacco in donor countries

Which NGO is based in a low- and middle-income country A. Oxfam B. Doctors Without Borders C. Save the Children D. BRAC

Which United Nations agency is primarily involved in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS? A. UNICEF B. USAID C. UNAIDS D. WHO

Which statement about NTDs is false? A. NTDs continue to compete with diseases with higher mortality rates for attention and financing. B. NTD control is not a best buy in global health, causing additional challenges. C. There remains a high burden of NTDs despite continued efforts by countries and the Global Network. D. Many of the drugs for NTD control are donated.

Which statement about the Global Fund is false? A. It tries to operate in a performance-based manner. B. It is primarily a technical agency. C. It is a partnership of the public and private sectors. D. It primarily works to fight AIDS, TB, and malaria.

The largest charitable foundation in the world is: A. The Clinton Foundation B. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation C. The Wellcome Trust D. The Rockefeller Foundation

All of the following are multilateral development agencies, except the: A. World Bank B. Inter-American Development Bank C. United States Agency for International Development D. Asian Development Bank