Oceans Chapter 4

1) Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________. A) biogenous sediment B) hydrogenous sediment C) cosmogenous sediment D) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

2) High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) Cosmogenous sediments B) Silt-sized particles C) Manganese nodules D) Clay-sized particles E) Large particles such as gravel

3) Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. A) a river delta B) the wind C) a volcanic eruption D) a glacier E) organisms

4) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Diatom ooze B) Volcanic particles C) Glacial deposits D) Beach sand E) Clays

5) Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________ A) hydrogenous B) biogenous C) cosmogenous D) volcanogenic E) lithogenous

6) Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) terrigenous C) volcanogenic D) hydrogenous E) biogenous

7) Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) Foraminiferans B) Diatoms C) Glauconite D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians

8) Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) Corals B) Coccolithophores C) Phosphorites D) Radiolarians E) Foraminiferans

9) Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? A) Low pressure and warmer temperatures B) Low pressure and colder temperatures C) Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures D) Lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures E) Low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures

10) Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. A) biogenous B) cosmogenous C) lithogenous D) hydrogenous E) volcanogenic

11) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Halites B) Phosphates C) Manganese nodule D) Stromatolites E) Evaporites

12) Manganese nodules are an example of ________. A) biogenous sediments B) cosmogenous sediments C) hydrogenous sediments D) volcagenic sediments E) terrigenous sediments

13) The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. A) continental rise B) crest of a mid-ocean ridge C) abyssal plain far from a continent D) continental shelf

14) Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________. A) hydrothermal vent areas B) mid-ocean ridges C) continental shelf waters D) estuaries E) regions of upwelling

15) Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) volcanogenic C) hydrogenous D) biogenous E) lithogenous

16) Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. A) abyssal clays and evaporites B) biogenous oozes and evaporites C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris D) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays E) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris

17) The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________. A) silt B) tektites C) evaporites D) oozes E) clays

18) Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. A) estuarine B) oceanic C) neritic D) pelagic E) continental

19) In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. A) shell fragments than in temperate waters B) coral debris than in tropical waters C) clay than in temperate waters D) silt and sand than in tropical waters E) gravel than in tropical waters

20) Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________. A) less than 30% neritic material B) more than 30% neritic material C) more than 30% hydrogenous material D) more than 30% biogenous material E) less than 30% biogenous material

21) A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. A) fecal pellets B) wind C) precipitation D) carbonate dissolution E) deposit feeders

22)The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is________. A) pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits B) manganese nodule deposits C) neritic siliceous sediment deposits D) neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits E) abyssal clay deposits

23) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Calcareous B) Hydrogenous C) Lithogenous D) Biogenous E) Cosmogenous

24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Clay B) Rock fragments C) Quartz sand D) Volcanic ash E) Siliceous ooze

25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Glaciers B) Turbidity currents C) Siliceous ooze D) Volcanic ash E) Rivers

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Radiolarians B) Diatoms C) Oolites D) Foraminiferans E) Coccolithophores

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Stromatolites B) Chalk C) Coccolithophores D) Limestone E) Diatoms

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Tektites B) Halite and other salts C) Phosphates D) Manganese nodules E) Metal sulfides

29) Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

30) Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

31) Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

32) Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

33) Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

34) Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

35) The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

36) Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

37) Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

38) Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

39) Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

40) Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. A) warmer; higher B) colder; lower C) warmer; lower D) colder; higher

41) The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________. A) dilution B) erosion C) ecology D) productivity E) destruction

42) The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) productivity B) erosion C) destruction D) dilution E) ecology

43) The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) productivity B) ecology C) erosion D) destruction E) dilution

44) Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

45) Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

46) Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

47) Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

48) Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

49) Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

61) Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? A) Suspension settling B) Grain lithification C) Porosity reduction D) Sediment compaction E) Paleooceanography

62) Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? A) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. B) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. D) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.

63) What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments? A) Thirty to forty percent B) More than fifty percent C) Twenty to thirty percent D) Less than twenty percent E) Forty to fifty percent

64) The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________. A) texture B) angularity C) composition D) provenance E) fabric

65) Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? A) Marine sediments on land B) Estuaries and lagoons C) The deep-ocean floor D) Continental shelf

66) Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? A) Long line B) Rotary corer C) Gravity corer D) Seiche disk E) Dredge

67) Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Seiche disk C) Long line D) Gravity corer E) Rotary corer

68) Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? A) Seiche disk B) Dredge C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Gravity corer

69) How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study? A) Less than 500 B) 500 to 1000 C) 1000 to 1500 D) 1500 to 2000 E) More than 2000

70) Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? A) The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor B) The mechanism that causes tsunamis C) Earthquake-generated heat from friction D) The properties of the deep crust E) Earth's climate change patterns

71) The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. A) paleoceanography B) plate tectonics C) biogeochemistry D) climatology E) historical oceanography

72) The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. A) coal B) wind power C) rare-earth elements D) gas hydrates E) ethanol

73) Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? A) Peat B) Gas hydrates C) Fossil Fuels D) Soil E) Living organisms

74) Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? A) Sand and gravel B) Gas hydrates C) Petroleum D) Manganese nodules and crusts E) Rare-earth elements

75) Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? A) Manganese nodules and crusts B) Phosphorite C) Sand and gravel D) Rare-earth elements E) Gas hydrates

76) China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? A) Rare-earth elements B) Gas hydrates C) Manganese nodules and crusts D) Phosphorite E) Sand and gravel

77) The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? A) Fish and amphibians B) Dinosaurs C) Peat and coal D) Microscopic organisms E) Land based plants

79) Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? A) Ethane B) Carbon dioxide C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Propane E) Methane

80) Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? A) Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. B) At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits. C) Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. D) Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures. E) Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments.

81) Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? A) Evaporative salts B) Sand and gravel C) Phosphorite D) Manganese nodules E) Sediments rich in tin

82) Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? A) Groundwater leaching B) Nodule and crust creation C) Sea floor methane seeps D) Deep-sea hotsprings E) Clathrate formation