ScienceEarth ScienceGeology 1014 2019 MG CH 20
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Geology 1014 2019 MG CH 20

Donald Butler avatar Donald Butler
24 July 2022
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question
What two trends are commonly seen in modern monthly CO2 concentration charts?
answer
an up-and-down seasonal trend, and 2) overall increasing CO2 levels through time
question
CO2 levels drop during spring and summer months because __________.
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photosynthetic organisms are absorbing CO2
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Which of the following is true when comparing the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station and Barrow, Alaska CO2 concentration curves?
answer
they show opposite seasonal curves
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In the climate system diagram, modeling results show that observed changes in temperature closely align with __________.
answer
a combination of both natural and human effects
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The Vostok ice core curve shows CO2 concentrations over the last __________.
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400,000 years
question
Which of the two explanations below best explains the situations that exist at Inversion 1 and Inversion 2, respectively?
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1 - Pollution blocked by a large orographic barrier; 2 - Pollution trapped in relatively lower river basins.
question
Which of the placemarks in the Particulate Matter folder does NOT show the potential release of particulate matter into the atmosphere?
answer
B
question
What factor is disproportionally responsible for the total CO2 emissions in the nations ranked 3rd and 4th in 2000?
answer
Both countries have a high amount of active deforestation.
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Which of the statements below is correct based on the data presented in the map?
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The globe's focal point for hydrocarbon production is a region with generally higher CO2 emissions per capita.
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In addition to glacial ice, what other natural climate recorder is discussed in the SmartFigure?
answer
Tree Rings
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The two main locations where ice cores are drilled are the Antarctic and __________ Ice Sheets.
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Greenland
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The temperature range of the past 7,000 years was __________ the temperature range of the preceding 30,000 years.
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more stable than
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From 400,000 to 50,000 years ago, the carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between ___________.
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180 and 280 ppm
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The most recent spike of CO2 (over 280 ppm) in the atmosphere correlates to __________.
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the onset of the Industrial Revolution
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Which of the following are "spheres" within Earth's climatic system? Choose all that apply.
answer
atmosphere hydrosphere geosphere cryosphere biosphere
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Which of the following is a proxy that can recreate past carbon dioxide variations?
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bubbles in glacial ice
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What happens to oxygen levels in seawater during periods of glacial advance? Choose all that apply.
answer
Concentrations of 16O decrease. Concentrations of 18O increase.
question
What is the coldest zone of Earth's atmosphere?
answer
mesopause
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What gases are dominant in a mixture of clean, dry air? Choose all that apply.
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nitrogen oxygen
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Which of the following is a natural process that could create long-term global warming?
answer
increased carbon dioxide from volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor
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Which of the following geologic processes affect global climate? Choose all that apply.
answer
Continents migrating toward the poles decreases global temperature. Volcanoes release carbon dioxide, thus increase global temperature. Volcanoes release aerosols, thus decrease global temperature.
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Which human activities add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere? Choose all that apply.
answer
clearing forests burning fossil fuels cultivating paddy fields
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Which of the following would be a positive feedback mechanism? Choose all that apply.
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Global warming increases cloud cover, which traps heat on Earth, which increases global warming. Global warming melts sea ice, which decreases reflectivity and increases the amount of absorbed solar radiation.
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Which of the following are possible consequences of global warming? Choose all that apply.
answer
Shoreline erosion will increase. The oceans will become more acidic.
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How do aerosols affect climate?
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A) reflecting sunlight back to space B) making clouds "brighter" reflectors absorbing sunlight, not reflecting it back to space So... both A and B
question
Types of climate-feedback mechanisms consist of ________.
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positive feedback mechanisms and negative feedback mechanisms So... both positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms
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The 2013 IPCC report states that if there is a doubling of preindustrial level of carbon dioxide there will be a "likely temperature increase" in the range of ________.
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2 to 4.5°C
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Global warming since the mid-1970s has been about ________.
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0.6C
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The trace gas(es) that are most important are ________.
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methane methane and nitrous oxide nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons So... all of the above
question
The natural cause(s) of climate change is(are) ________.
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The natural cause(s) of climate change is(are) ________. variability in Earth's orbit and volcanic activity variability in Earth's orbit movement of lithospheric plates farther/closer to the equator volcanic activity So... all of the above
question
Variations in the angle that Earth's axis makes with the plane of it's orbit is called ________.
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Obliquity
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The hotter the radiating body, ________.
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the shorter the wavelength of maximum radiation
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What percent of the solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at Earth's surface?
answer
50 percent
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Solar radiation is reflected back to space from ________.
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land-sea surface clouds atmosphere snow and ice All of the above
question
Ozone is a major component in a noxious mixture of gases and particles called ________.
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Photochemical Smog
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One half of the atmosphere lies below the altitude of
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5.6 kilometers
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Ozone, another important component of the atmosphere is concentrated in the ________.
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stratosphere
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What are the solid and liquid particles suspended within the atmosphere called?
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aerosols
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Clean, dry air is composed almost entirely of ________.
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nitrogen and oxygen
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Seafloor sediments are very important in discovering paleoclimate because they ________.
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contain the remains of organisms whose numbers and types vary with changing climate
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Oxygen isotope analysis is the measurement of two isotopes of oxygen (18O and 16O). The lighter isotope, 16O, ________.
answer
evaporates more readily from the oceans is more prevalent in glaciers is more prevalent in precipitation So... all of the above
question
The main goal of paleoclimatology is to understand the climate of the past in order to ________.
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assess the current and potential future climate in the context of natural climate variability
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Proxy data for detecting climate change comes from ________. Proxy data for climate change detection comes from ________.
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seafloor sediments tropical deforestation sunspots So... all of the above
question
The climate system consists of the ________.
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hydrosphere and atmosphere biosphere geosphere and cryosphere So... all of the above
question
Climate is a description of the ________.
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aggregate weather conditions, "average weather"
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Modern climate change is dominated by ________.
answer
human influences that exceed the bounds of natural variability