EXPLORE CH. 21 GEOL 1001

In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?

In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?

Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?

Which set of statements is correct?

Global warming is _________________.

Approximately how much of the world's oil and natural gas reserves are believed to be in the arctic?

The _____ refers to the portions of Earth's surface where water exists in solid form.

How is positive feedback affecting the arctic?

What is one result of the changing conditions in the arctic?

Why are countries like Russia, Canada, and the United States interested in securing legal rights to the arctic?

Who were the first people to profit from arctic waters?

What could be considered by some a positive outcome of the changing climate conditions in the arctic?

Which of the following solutions would best address the threat posed to arctic wildlife as a result of drilling for oil?

What is an "exclusive economic zone"?

Why are researchers from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland setting off explosions in an area of the arctic?

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? Choose all that apply.

What is the June solstice?

How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year?

What is the December solstice?

When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator? Choose all that apply.

Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year?

When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night? Choose all that apply.

More than half of which climate type averages between 40 and 59 inches of precipitation a year?

The Cs (Mediterranean—Summer Dry) climate is largely associated with which of the following biomes?

Of the following climate regions, which includes areas that average over 60 inches of precipitation a year?

What mean July temperature range is most prevalent in the arid climate regions of Africa and Asia that are located in the Northern Hemisphere?

Which natural region dominates the Af climate type?

Which of the following climate types is most prevalent at elevations of 4000 meters and higher?

Which of the following explains why these climates are nevertheless found along the continental margins of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans? Select all that apply.

Polar and subarctic climates generally have small precipitation totals. However, these climates are classified as humid rather than dry. Which of the following statements help to explain this apparent paradox? Select all that apply.

In addition to glacial ice, what other natural climate recorder is discussed in the SmartFigure?

The two main locations where ice cores are drilled are the Antarctic and __________ Ice Sheets.

The temperature range of the past 7,000 years was __________ the temperature range of the preceding 30,000 years.

From 400,000 to 50,000 years ago, the carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between ___________.

The most recent spike of CO2 (over 280 ppm) in the atmosphere correlates to __________.

The angle at which sunlight hits Earth is one of the most important factors impacting the average temperatures in a region. -Higher angle (more direct) sunlight warms Earth more effectively. -Earth's axis is tilted by ~23°. Earth currently makes a full rotation every 24 hours (the basis for our day). -The tilt of the axis is why latitudes greater than 66° N don't receive any sunlight in the winter, or have any darkness in the summer. It is also why equatorial regions are warmest―they receive the most direct sunlight year-round. Read the sentences below, and indicate which accurately describe the effects of Earth's rotation and the angle of the Sun. Select all that apply.

On a cloudless day, what happens to most of the visible light headed toward Earth?

On a day with half cloud cover, what happens to the visible light headed toward Earth?

What happens to the energy that the ground absorbs in the form of visible sunlight?

The greenhouse effect raises Earth's surface temperature (from what it would be otherwise) because the infrared light radiated by Earth's surface __________.

The Moon has __________ because all energy is reradiated back to space.

The Sun emits __________ radiation, but it is radiated back off of planetary bodies as __________ radiation.

If the greenhouse effect ceased to exist on Earth, which of the following would result?

Which of the following is true about Venus?

The dense atmosphere of Venus is ________, causing most incoming solar radiation to be _________.

More solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface than by __________.

What is the term for the total radiation that is reflected by a surface?

Which of the following absorbs most incoming solar radiation?

Light-colored surfaces __________ than dark-colored surfaces.

Of the 50% of incoming solar radiation that is not absorbed by Earth's surface, how much is lost to space by reflection and scattering?

How would a 50 percent increase in Earth's albedo impact average surface temperatures? Select all that apply.

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 concentrations?

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 and surface temperature changes over the past 50 years?

Assume that you wanted to give the impression that, although CO2 levels have indeed increased over the past 50 years, they have not had a significant impact on average surface temperatures. Which of the scales shown in Step 3 would be the best choice?

For which of the scales shown in Step 3 is the increase in CO2 concentrations less than 10%?

Choose the list of predicted trajectories for CO2 concentration that matches them in order with the aggressive, moderate, and minimal control scenarios.

If the USA adopted and maintained a policy of minimal control of CO2 emissions, what level would we expect its emissions to be in 2020?

Assuming that increasing CO2 concentrations are directly linked to increased surface temperatures, which scenario should result in a reduction of temperatures to below their 1960-1990 averages by 2040?

Which of the following arguments could be made for NOT adopting an aggressive control strategy worldwide?

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

Which range of population living on arable land is most closely associated with high water-resources vulnerabilities in southern Asia?

Which of the following areas where soil degradation is a serious concern has the highest population density?

Which general statement is true regarding the population distribution in South America?

Which city has the highest population, experiences poor urban air quality, and is located along a polluted river?

What is the order, from most to least, of the total amount of deforestation among river basins in South America?

In which climate type is the most forest damage occurring?

In which of the following regions is extensive deforestation most prominent?

In which country is tropical deforestation a primary issue?

What two trends are commonly seen in modern monthly CO2 concentration charts?

CO2 levels drop during spring and summer months because __________.

Which of the following is true when comparing the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station and Barrow, Alaska CO2 concentration curves?

In the climate system diagram, modeling results show that observed changes in temperature closely align with __________.

The Vostok ice core curve shows CO2 concentrations over the last __________.

Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect? Select the two that apply.

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.

In a conversation with a friend, he expresses skepticism about global warning. When you inquire about his reasons, he responds by saying that the weather in that area has been the coolest he can remember. Using the information you have learned, what information could you offer to encourage your friend to reevaluate his position? Select all that apply.

Which of the following economic activities most closely coincides with the areas at risk of future drought?

Which of the following climate types is likely to experience the most warming?

The areas that are at very high risk of desertification are most commonly associated with which range of annual average precipitation?

The areas of desertification overlap the most with which climate type?

What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming?

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply?

What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins?

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration?