What is meant when intelligence is described as a "multidimensional construct'"?
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Theories of intelligence are multidimensional in that they specify many domains of intellectual ability such as problem solving, vocabulary, and social awareness.
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Define crystallized intelligence. Define fluid intelligence. What are the developmental trends for fluid and crystallized intelligence? Be prepared to draw a graph of changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence across the lifespan based on findings from longitudinal studies (be sure to correctly label the x and y axes).
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Both a secondary mental abilities
Fluid intelligence consists of the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make inferences, and enable you to understand the relations among concepts. Inductive reasoning, integration, abstract thinking.
Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture. Breadth of knowledge, comprehension of communication, judgment and sophistication with information
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According to lecture, what environmental factors affect the development of crystallized intelligence in early childhood? Do those factors continue to affect intellectual functioning across the lifespan including late life?
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Physical exercised correlated with gray matter volume of the hippocampus. Aerobic training increased hippocampal volume by 2%, reversing age-related loss by 1 to 2 years
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Describe how cohort differences might influence the study of intellectual performance across the lifespan. Be prepared to provide examples of how age-graded and history-graded (cohort) factors might influence performance on a standardized intelligence test.
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Better educational opportunities and years of education, experience doing work involving cognitive vs. Physical activity, healthier life-styles, better nutrition, and improved healthcare.
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What are the seven primary abilities proposed by Thurstone?
Describe how different research designs have influenced findings regarding aging and intellectual performance. How have the findings from cross-sectional studies differed from longitudinal and sequential designs?
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Cross-sectional studies: document significant differences in intellectual performance with age. Classic aging pattern, cohort effects, health effects, processing speed.
Longitudinal studies: show either no decrement or even an increase in performance. Improvement in verbal abilities through middle age. Speed-related and nonverbal showed classic aging pattern
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Describe the design and findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study.
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Found most differences from cross-sectional research could be attributed to cohort membership. Gains until early 40 then stable until 50 or 60. Afterwards losses emerge on all levels. Speed related fluid skills begin by early 30s
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Be prepared to define what is meant by the mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence. Describe Paul Baltes' findings regarding aging and the mechanics and pragmatics of intellectual performance.
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Mechanics of intelligence concerns the neuro-physiological architecture of the mind, what provides the bases for cognitive abilities like information processing, reasoning, spatial orientation or perceptual speed. Change greatest during childhood and adolescence
Pragmatic intelligence concerns acquired bodies of knowledge available from and embedded within culture; including verbal knowledge, wisdom and practical problem solving. Growth here dominated adulthood.
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What are the benefits of programs aimed at improving fluid intelligence abilities? Describe examples of such programs.
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Older adults can train themselves to be more proficient in fluid intelligence tasks
ADEPT: a longitudianal projectreversed average of a 21 year decline in primary abilities
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Describe the role of health-related factors on the measurement of intellectual performance in advanced age.
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Physical exercised correlated with gray matter volume of the hippocampus. Aerobic training increased hippocampal volume by 2%, reversing age-related loss by 1 to 2 years
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What health and lifestyle factors are associated with the prevention of age-associated cognitive losses?
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What is terminal drop? What hypotheses have been advanced to explain terminal drop? How might knowledge of terminal drop affect the judgment of health care providers providing care to older adults?
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A drop in verbal IQ as a sign of approaching death.
1: physical problems directly impair thinking such as reduced flow of oxygen to the brain
2: unhealthy people are less active mentally, physically, and socially
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Summarize the model of wisdom developed by Paul Baltes and his colleagues. According to Baltes & Staudinger, what are the characteristics of persons who are considered "wise"? Describe the logic of the age x experience research paradigm.
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Have a rich factual knowledge about the world
Have a procedural knowledge (how to do implement decisions)
Possess "life span contextualism"
Sensitive to the competing perspective of others
Appreciate life's unpredictability and can cope when the unexpected occurs
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Recall the documentary "God Grew Tired of Us". Describe how Daniel, Panther, and John's behavior in the film is consistent with wisdom as characterized within Baltes and Neuringer's model.
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