Comm Propaganda

Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist

Propaganda is also described as white, gray, or black, in relationship to an acknowledgment of its source and its accuracy of information.

White propaganda comes from a source that is identified correctly, and the information in the message tends to be accurate. This is what one hears on Radio Moscow and VOA during peacetime. Although the "good guy" with the best ideas and political ideology. White propaganda attempts to build credibility with the audience, for this could have usefulness at some point in the future.

Black propaganda is when the source is concealed or credited to a false authority and spreads lies, fabrications, and deceptions. Black propaganda is the "big lie," including all types of creative deceit. Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, claimed that outrageous charges evoke more belief than milder statements that merely twist the truth slightly (Bogart, 1995, p. xii). Written by Czar Nicholas II's secret police in 1903, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion portrayed Jews as demonic schemers. The 24 chapters or protocols claimed to be the real minutes of a secret council of Jews discussing its plot for world domination. First serialized in part in a

Gray propaganda is somewhere between white and black propaganda. The source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain. In 1961, when the Bay of Pigs invasion took place in Cuba, the VOA moved over into the gray area when it denied any U.S. involvement in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-backed activities.

Another term used to describe propaganda is disinformation . Disinformation is usually considered black propaganda because it is covert and uses false information. In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia , taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda. Disinformation means "false, incomplete, or misleading information that is passed, fed, or confirmed to a targeted individual, group, or country" (Shultz & Godson, 1984, p. 41). It is not misinformation that is merely misguided or erroneous information. Disinformation is made up of news stories deliberately designed to weaken adversaries and planted in newspapers by journalists who are actually secret agents of a foreign country. The stories are passed off as real and from credible sources.

during the revolutionary war, newspapers were used to spread propagandistic information. over 70 papers were bring printed diring the revoltuoonary war. events like the boston masaccre were blown out of proporstion by news papers in order to help the groth of anti brithish sentinment. bejermine fracklins snake was the first cartoon on newspapers With the end of the Revolutionary War, the press had proved itself an indispensable factor in the creation of the public opinion leading up to the war and an important rallying point during the fighting. to imporve morale, newsparers would spread false information about the outcomes of battles

The invention of radio in the late 19th century altered for all time the practice of propaganda, making it possible for messages to be sent across borders and over long distances without the need for a physical presence. many goverments, (germany and russia) quickly took over radio and began to broadcast in numerous different countires in different languages. the united states was the only country to steer clear of interfreafing with radio and left it to free enterprise during the cold war, propoganda was being spread through radioand the west countires retailated by spreading their message to other countries in the same way the communists countries were doing.

the motion picture has the greatest potential for emotional appeal to its audience, offering a deeper level of identification with the characters and action on the screen than found elsewhere in popular culture. The motion picture can also make audiences laugh, cry, sing, shout, become sexually aroused, or fall asleep; in short, it has the ability to evoke an immediate emotional response seldom found in the other mass media. the motion picture has been extremely successful in influencing its audiences in such areas as courting behavior, clothing styles, furniture and architectural design, speech mannerisms, and eating and drinking habits (Jowett, 1982). In these and other areas, the motion picture is an excellent shaper of subtle psychological attitudes and, under the right circumstances, can be a potent source of social and cultural information. has the ability to change punlic values. In many cases, audiences were far more sophisticated than expected, and the result was a rejection of blatant efforts to bring about changes in existing opinions. When filmic propaganda was most successful, it was usually based on a skillful exploitation of preexisting public emotions, eliciting an audience response that closely matched public sentiment.

Because television is essentially a domestic medium, it has not been extensively used as a means of direct international propaganda (with the exception of TV Marti, discussed later). This may change with the introduction of the DBS technology indicated previously, but it is unlikely that many countries would allow the cultural disruptions caused by such daily doses of foreign propaganda. Of far greater current danger is the immense amount of indirect propaganda presented under the guise of entertainment that forms the basis of the worldwide trade in television programming. The content of these programs clearly carries ideological messages, and often they create what is called "the frustration of rising expectations" in viewers from less developed countries by presenting an attractive lifestyle that is beyond their economic means. Ultimately, it is theorized, constant exposure to such a divergence in living conditions will bring about hostility toward the originating country. Schiller (1970) noted, Television does have a major propaganda function in the area of news reporting. The "shorthand" nature of television news lends itself to such distortion, thus creating a form of indirect propaganda affecting our perceptions and shaping our attitudes toward a wide variety of issues. We learn to rely on the news media for information, and repeated frequently enough, these images become fixed beliefs, shaping our understanding of the world around us. Television, by its visual nature, is vulnerable to misuse as a propaganda medium because it places a premium on using only material with great visual interest to broadcast.

The idea for Radio Marti originated in the Presidential Commission on Broadcasting to Cuba, which was established by President Ronald Reagan in 1981 to make recommendations on how the Reagan administration could "break the Cuban government's information monopoly" and "satisfy the Cuban people's thirst for reliable information about their own country" (Presidential Commission on Broadcasting to Cuba, quoted in Galimore, 1991, p. 2). The U.S. government was determined to undermine Fidel Castro's censorship barrier by making available to the Cuban people news about world affairs, as well as news about what was going on in Cuba itself. President Reagan signed the Broadcasting to Cuba Act on October 4, 1983, and Radio Marti went on the air on May 20, 1985, relayed from a transmitter in Marathon Key in Florida. Named after a famous hero of the Cuban Revolution against Spain, Jose Marti, thus further angering the Cuban government, this station broadcasts continuously on both medium wave (AM) and shortwave. The Cubans jam the AM, but 90% of the Cuban population has access to shortwave. In 1989, Radio Marti's Office of Audience Research confirmed that 85% of the Cuban population older than age 13 were regular listeners to the station.

Advertising is a series of appeals, symbols, and statements deliberately designed to influence the receiver of the message toward the point of view desired by the communicator and to act in some specific way as a result of receiving the message, whether it be to purchase, vote, hold positive or negative views, or merely maintain a memory. Also, advertising is not always in the best interest of the receiver of the message advertising is generally communicated at a cost to the communicator. Whether paid advertising in the traditional sense or the production of leaflets or handbills on a small copier, advertising usually involves the cost of production and distribution. Advertising also serves as the financial base for our vast mass communication network, for the structure of our commercialized media system is totally dependent on the revenues from advertising. In our society, advertising is institutional propaganda at its most obvious level. It serves as a constant reminder that we are being bombarded with messages intended to bring us to a certain point of view or behavior. Michael Schudson (1984) suggested that advertising in the capitalist system serves the same function as the poster art of authoritarian socialism, the state-sanctioned art that was pervasive in the former Soviet Union. We are all familiar with those realistic posters of sturdy men and healthy women working in wheat fields or factories and affirming the joys of socialism; in Schudson's interesting metaphor, advertising serves the same function, depicting equally healthy capitalists driving cars, smoking cigarettes, drinking beer, or wearing designer jeans and essentially enjoying the materialist fruits of the free enterprise system. In the final analysis, advertising as propaganda has been largely responsible for the creation of the massive consumer culture in the 20th century, as well as for the fundamental alteration of the nature of political practices in democratic societies.

Clearly, although rumors have been a highly effective way to circulate information with amazing speed, they are not a reliable means of disseminating propaganda. The mere appearance of information on the Internet, however, no matter how inaccurate, has the potential for giving the information a degree of veracity and legitimacy, which then has to be ignored, countered, or challenged. For example, the administration of President Bill Clinton was under continuous pressure because of information that appeared on the Internet from the time of his inauguration in 1993. The many stories, as diverse as sexual intrigue in the White House and the alleged accusations constantly. These "facts" were presented for everyone to see, but they were usually unsubstantiated and played on the successful propaganda technique of claiming to "confirm" what people are already predisposed to believe to be the truth. 34.3% of the world's population currently had access to the Internet;

Michael Moore, who had previously made well-received but contentious films on such subjects as General Motors's treatment of its workers ( Roger and Me , 1996) and gun ownership in the United States ( Bowling for Columbine , 2001), turned his attention to examining President George Bush's role in fomenting the Iraq War. Using a variety of old and new film clips, Moore constructed an incendiary version of the president's deliberate actions in bringing about this conflict while also raising questions about the president's service record. Overall, the movie appeared to be a devastating attack on the Bush administration and the president personally, and it was highly acclaimed by those opposed to the war and the president's reelection. However, there were others who were equally hostile in their opposition to the film, and it was quickly labeled as nothing but "left-wing propaganda" and a scurrilous character assassination. There is substantial evidence, both anecdotal and by poll measurement, that this film very largely "preached to the choir," in that the group who felt that the invasion was justified. There is substantial evidence, both anecdotal and by poll measurement, that this film very largely "preached to the choir," in that the group who felt that the invasion was justified.

Genral electric, viacom, diney, CBS, time warner, news corp

in the early 2000's the worlds laget interent provider American online said it would aquire the worlds largets media comapany, time warner, to from AOL time warner . worth 350 billion

promised more comettion and lower rates. no genreal reduction in rates was seen. the act rewrote more than 60 years of commmunciations law and opened the floodgaed to the alrget and greatest number of indutrial mergers in american history.

the increasing interaction of a news company's own business goals as a selection factor in what news the reader can and cannot see. commercial influence has run rampant and has created a bad image for those news outlets who are discovered. within journalism the ideal policy has always been refereed to the separation of C and S. the Newsroom the church, and the business side of the news company the STATE

corporation that control what Americans see and read can gain influence and control things like antitrust acts, taxes and regulations with their news selection and private lobbying or by controlling the image of a politician. in a democracy, the answer to government power is accountability, which means giving voters full information and real choices. concentrated control and monopoly diminish real choices.

it used to be that news stories were not given a lot of attention. they were told to the public one time with no follow up. this would not allow the story or information to stick to the mind of the public and no government action was taken as a result. far better method of public opinion control is the pursuit of ideas and events until they are displayed in depth over time, when they form a picture they have intergrated into public thinking.

director of a company is obligated to act in the interest of his own company. but when there is one director for two separate companies, this loyalty can be blurred Luis Brandeis of the supreme court called this an endless chain. "this practice of interlocking directorates is the root of many evils. it offends laws human and divine. it tends to disloyalty and violation of the fundamental law that no man can serve two masters.

reduced the medias responsiveness to the reader's desires. publishers became more dependent on ad revenue than reader payments news papers went from small town news paper that covered local stories to large city state and national papers that gave no attention to the small town reader. advertising destroyed competitive daily news papers. filled papers with FLUFF; part entertainment and material designed to create a buying mood.

news papers neutralized information for fear of offending one of many opposing views and cutting down on the audience that created ad opportunists. objectivity increased the quality of journalism but it was not entirely objective different people writing about the same story would report and write about different facts . objectivity tended to keep news superficial because too deep a pursuit of a subject might bore or offend some of the audience

political culture that exists in the formally democratic market driven nations of the world. works best when populations are diverted from information, access, and public forums necessary for meaningful participation decision making. government should be restricted to protecting private property and contracts and limit political debate to minor issues. the real matters of resource production and social organization should be determined by market forces. democracy is allowed as long as control of business is off limits to popular deliberation or change. NO DEMOCRACY

legendary for intense politicization of it population 95% voter turnout after coup voter turnout dwindled and became nearly impossible to challenge business military domination in Chile society.

responds more directly to the rise of free market and commercial values two levels: the rise of global commercial media and regional markets.

calling it fake news hides that fact that is is proaganda desiged to erode the foundation of democracy itself. many stories online are fake and get more attention than the real storie. fro example: Jay Z died or formaer first lady say malania trump cant fill her shoes.

Stories about the Pope endorsing Donald Trump's candidacy and Hillary Clinton being indicted for crimes related to her email scandal were shared widely despite being completely made up. Jay z was dead. also fake news

facebook attempting to ensure that people read information before sharing it to others on facebook. also changed ad practices to reduce the amount of spam that reaches users When non-authoritative information ranks too high in our search results, we develop scalable, automated approaches to fix the problems, rather than manually removing these one by one. We recently made improvements to our algorithm that will help surface more high quality, credible content on the web Search algorithms are as flawed as the people who develop them - Alexios Mantzarlis, director of the International Fact-Checking Network

Bernays recognised that it is important to appeal to the wants of the consumer, as opposed to merely their needs. In business, this meant that instead of a customer being told how useful a particular product is, the product is presented as fulfilling their unconscious desires. Edward Bernays thought that the best way to communicate this was through newspapers, instead of traditional advertising, as people consider news articles to be fundamentally more trustworthy than adverts. He believed that news could (and should) be created in order to present the public with a version of events that would speak to their desires and guide their choices. Bernays believed that the Public relations man is a "creator of circumstance". Donald Trump has used Twitter as a medium to achieve a similar reaction from some voters. He uses his twitter account with skill and is more prolific than most other presidential candidates, overtaking his rival Hilary Clinton for followers in late 2015. He now has over 15 million of them compared to Clinton's 11 million

Bernays was strongly influenced by theories on the crowd and group psychology. Specifically, he thought groups were impulsive and irrational and that the general public could not be trusted to make reasoned decisions. He believed that there needed to be invisible "wire pullers" with whom power needed to rest with. These wire pullers could then direct people to the "right" decision.

Bernays believed that people were inherently stupid and that they could be easily persuaded not by rational thought, but by appealing to their emotions. Trump has appealed to the emotion of fear and made it the cornerstone of his campaign. The Oxford dictionaries Word of the Year for 2016 was announced as "post-truth". It is defined as an adjective "relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief". The word has been around for a decade, but has been used much more frequently since both the EU referendum in the UK and the US presidential election. Donald Trump is an expert at post-truth politics. He has connected with people emotionally, often with limited facts to back up his views. This method of connection as Edward Bernays explained nearly a century ago has worked successfully in 2016 and is so powerful that it has led to a man who has never been elected into any political office becoming the 45th President of the United States of America.