Chapter 9 Nutrition

25 July 2022
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T/F Women in their reproductive years are likely to carry more intra-abdominal fat than are women past menopause.​
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False
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T/F Waist circumference indicates visceral fatness, and above a certain girth, disease risks rise.​
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True
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T/F Eating certain foods can elevate the basal metabolic rate, and thus promote weight loss.​
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False
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T/F Taller people need proportionately more energy than shorter people to balance their energy budgets.​
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True
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T/F For someone with at least one obese parent, the chance of becoming obese is estimated to be between 30 and 70 percent.​
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True
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T/F Physical inactivity alone does not cause obesity.​
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False
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T/F The BMI is very valuable in helping muscular athletes determine their health risks.
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False
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T/F No single body composition or weight suits everyone; needs vary by gender, lifestyle, and stage of life.​
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True
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T/F ​Leptin is a hormone produced by the body to stimulate the appetite and encourage eating.
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False
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T/F The set-point theory states that the body's regulatory controls will maintain body weight over time and resist efforts to lose weight by dieting.​
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True
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T/F High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have been shown to be much more effective than other low-calorie plans in promoting successful weight loss.​
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False
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T/F Society plays a role in eating disorders because rates ofeating disorders in non-Western cultures increase whenthinness is accepted as an ideal.​
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True
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T/F Bulimia is more prevalent than anorexia nervosa and is more common in women than men.​
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True
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What is NOT a risk of being underweight?​ A. ​earlier death during a famine or siege B. ​higher risk of developing heart disease C. ​greater risk of starvation when suffering from cancer D. ​higher risk of death following surgery E. ​greater risk of malnutrition when hospitalized
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B. Higher risk of developing heart disease
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Which condition is NOT a result of obesity?​ A. diabetes​ B. ​osteoporosis C. ​hypertension D. ​adipokineimbalance E. ​sleep apnea
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B. Osteoporosis
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Excess fat ____ represents a greater risk to health than excess fat elsewhere on the body.​ A. ​under the skin around the hips B. ​in the extremities C. ​deep within the shoulders D. ​under the skin of the chest E. ​deep within the abdomen
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E. Deep within the abdomen
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Waist circumference reflects the degree of ____ in proportion to body fatness.​ A. ​visceral fatness B. ​gynoid obesity C. ​subcutaneous fat D. ​total body fatness E. ​lean tissue
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A. Visceral fatness
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A body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9 in an adult indicates:​ A. ​normal weight. B. ​overweight. C. ​underweight. D. ​obesity. E. ​morbid obesity.
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B. Overweight
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A rule of thumb that has been used in the past but does not apply equally to everyone is that one pound of body fat is equal to ____ calories.​ A. 2500​ B. ​3000 C. 3500 D. ​4000 E. ​4200
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C. 3500
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Which statement about basal metabolism is true?​ A. ​It supports the voluntary but not the unconscious work that the body performs. B. It can be changed rapidly through vigorous exercise.​ C. It accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure.​ D. ​It is directly controlled by the hormone thyroxine. E. ​It increases in response to malnutrition or fasting.
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D. It is directly controlled by hormone thyroxine
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About ____ percent of a meal's energy value is used up in stepped-up metabolism in the five or so hours following that meal.​ A. ​5 B. ​10 C. ​15 D. ​20 E. ​25
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B. 10
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All of the following factors are associated with a higher basal metabolic rate except:​ A. ​stress. B. ​starvation. C. ​fever. D. ​youth. E. ​greater height.
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B. Starvation
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Older people generally need less energy than younger people due to:​ A. ​increasedbasal metabolic rate. B. ​chronic diseases that stress the body. C. ​decreases in height. D. ​declines in lean body mass with age. E. ​reduced total caloric intakes.
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D. Declines in lean body mass
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Body mass index is unsuitable for use with:​ A. ​adolescents. B. ​casual exercisers. C. ​women younger than 50. D. ​Caucasians. E. ​pregnant women.
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E. Pregnant women
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A man of healthyweight may have, on the average, ____ percent of hisbody weight as fat.​ A. ​5 B. ​10 C. ​15 D. ​20 E. ​30
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D. 20
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Hunger makes itself known roughly ____ hours after eating.​ A. ​1-2 B. ​2-3 C. ​3-5 D. ​4-6 E. ​6-8
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D. 4-6
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The hormone produced by adipose tissue in response to a gain in body fatness that helps to control obesity is:​ A. ​endorphin. B. ​ghrelin. C. ​leptin. D. ​insulin. E. ​thyroxine.
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C. Leptin
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The psychological desire to eat is referred to as:​ A. ​satiety. B. ​appetite. C. ​hunger. D. ​obesity. E. ​satiation.
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B. Appetite
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All of the following are involved in signaling satiation except:​ A. ​the stomach. B. ​the small intestine. C. ​the brain's hypothalamus. D. ​the heart. E. ​the mouth.
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D. The heart
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Which types of foods sustain satiety longer than other foods?​ A. ​high in digestible starch B. ​lowin protein C. ​high in sugar D. ​high in fiber E. ​low in fat
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D. high in fiber
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Which type of tissue is particularly abundant in enzymes that engage in thermogenesis but don't accomplish any other work?​ A. ​lean B. ​skeletal muscle C. ​excess adipose D. ​brown adipose E. ​white adipose
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D. Brown adipose
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What is one "outside of the body" factor that contributes to obesity?​ A. ​the "built environment," which can discourage physical activity B. ​eating automatically in response to hunger cues C. ​spontaneous fidgeting activity D. ​a lack of food availability E. ​access to many supermarkets
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A. the "built environment", which can discourage physical activity
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What is a food desert?​ A. ​an urban area where people live with no access to any foods for purchase B. ​an area where no fast-food restaurants are available for quick and easy meals C. ​a rural area where only local supermarkets are available D. ​an area where only convenience stores and fast-food restaurants sell food E. ​an area where only large chain supermarkets sell food
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D. An area where only convenience stores and fast-food restaurants sell food
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Quick, large changes in weight are most likely the result of all of the following except:​ A. ​changes in fat stores. B. ​changes in body fluid content. C. ​changes in electrolytes and fluid balance. D. ​changes in lean tissues such as muscles. E. ​changes in bone minerals.
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A. changes in fat stores
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In early food deprivation, the nervous system cannot use ____ as fuel.​ A. ​fat B. ​glucose C. ​protein D. ​carbohydrate E. ​ketones
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A. Fat
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A healthy person starting with average body fat can live totally deprived of food for as long as six to eight weeks due to:​ A. ​acidosis. B. ​thermogenesis. C. ​metabolism. D. ​lactic acidosis. E. ​ketosis.
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E. Ketosis
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Energy nutrients can be stored in the body as:​ A. ​protein stores andglycogen. B. ​lean tissue. C. ​ethanol. D. ​glycogen and fat. E. ​triglycerides and lean tissue.
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D. glycogen and fat
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Which statement is FALSE?​ A. ​Excess carbohydrate is converted to glycogen orfatand stored. B. ​Protein is used to build muscles in response to exercise. C. ​Alcohol delivers calories and encourages fat storage. D. ​Any food can make you fat if you eat enough of it. E. ​Excess amino acids are stored in muscle.
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E. Excess amino acids are stored in muscle
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A very-low-carbohydrate diet may be accompanied by:​ A. ​accelerated metabolism. B. ​ketosis. C. ​increased appetite, initially. D. ​slow weight loss. E. ​greater long-term weight loss.
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B. Ketosis
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The foods emphasized by high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets clearly raise the risk for:​ A. ​osteoporosis. B. ​kidney disease. C. ​heart and artery disease. D. ​cancer. E. ​anorexia nervosa.
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C. Heart and artery disease
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Fad diets are successful in the short term because they:​ A. ​alter the body's metabolism. B. ​reduce satiety and hence appetite. C. ​provide the best balance of energy nutrients for weight loss. D. ​induce a calorie deficit. E. ​are easy to follow.
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D. Induce a calorie deficit
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An eating pattern of foods high in ____ is associated with being overweight.​ A. ​plant proteins B. ​nonnutritive sweeteners C. ​nutrient density D. ​energy density E. ​carbohydrates
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D. Energy Density
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One of the major benefits of physical activity for weight management is:​ A. ​an increase in appetite immediately after exercise. B. ​an increase in lean muscle tissue, which burns more energy. C. ​being able to eat high-calorie snacks. D. ​significantly raising the BMR for several hours after exercise. E. ​a significant reduction in food cravings.
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B. An increase in lean muscle tissue, which burn more energy
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Which strategy would be most appropriate for an obese individual with a BMI of 40 or above who is healthy?​ A. ​an herbal supplement B. ​surgery such as a gastric bypass C. ​liposuction or lipectomy D. ​an ephedrine-containing dietary supplement E. ​starting an intense, self-directed diet and exercise program
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B. Surgery such as gastric bypass
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Complications immediately following obesity surgery often include all of the following except:​ A. ​dehydration. B. ​infection. C. ​high blood pressure. D. ​nausea. E. ​low blood glucose.
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C. High blood pressure
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Successful weight maintainers:​ A. avoid weighing themselves on a scale more than monthly.​ B. ​avoid weight-loss support programssuch as Weight Watchers. C. ​monitor energy nutrient proportions rather thanoverall food energy of the diet. D. ​have never experienced weight cycling. E. ​exercise regularly.
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E. Exercise regularly
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The accumulation of excess visceral fat in the body may lead to health complications because:​ A. ​the fat is more quickly mobilized and released into the bloodstream as HDL cholesterol. B. ​it can lead to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to heart disease. C. ​the fat accumulates in the upper chest area, which can interfere with lung function. D. ​the fat distribution is resistant to physical exercise. E. ​it is associated with the "pear" body profile.
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B. It can lead to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to heart disease
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Mary has a waist circumference of 38 inches. Based on this information, you conclude that:​ A. ​she is probably between and 25 and 35 years old. B. ​she has a large amount of subcutaneous fat. C. ​she is at very low risk for insulin resistance. D. ​she exhibits an unhealthful "pear-like" body shape. E. ​she is at an increased risk for chronic disease.
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E. She is at an increased risk for chronic disease
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A woman who is a varsity soccer player has a BMI of 26, a waist circumference of 32, and 23percent body fat. What would you say about her body composition?​ A. she is obese and at risk for developing chronic diseases​ B. ​she has a high level of visceral fat accumulation C. ​her performance will be affected by her body fat accumulation D. ​she is within recommendations for waist circumference and percent body fat E. ​her BMI puts her in the overweight category,which trumps waist circumference and body fat percentage
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D. She is within recommendations for waist circumference and percent body fat
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Your mom is overweight and thinks it's too late to get in shape. What might you recommend as a reasonable first weight goal?​ A. ​to try a liquid diet B. ​to stop gaining weight C. ​to set a goal of reducing her body weight by 15 percent D. ​to set a goal of reaching her optimal weight E. ​to reduce her number of meals a day
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B. to stop gaining weight