Nutrition Exam II // Ch 5 Mastering Nutrition

How many different forms of lipids are commonly found in food?

Which of the three lipids commonly found in foods are used to manufacture cell membranes?

True or False-- Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in foods.

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of triglycerides is TRUE? A. Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule, which contain a single double bond, are referred to as monounsaturated fatty acids. B. Unsaturated fatty acids have only one shape, referred to as a cis configuration, which bends at the double bond. C. Fatty acid chains in a triglyceride molecule with more than one double bond are referred to as saturated fatty acids. D. A triglyceride consists of a fatty acid with three glycerol molecules attached.

Which of the following describes lipids?

What is the primary form of fat in the diet?

A triglyceride is comprised of

A fatty acid that contains a chain of ten carbons and one double bond is a

Which of the following fatty acids is generally solid at room temperature?

Which of the following foods are rich sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Which of the following foods contain a large quantity of saturated fatty acids?

Which of the following is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fats are

The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid and creating a more solid fat is called

Which of the following statements is TRUE about trans fatty acids? They are found only in plant products. They are made by the body in large quantities. They are created during the hydrogenation process. They decrease the risk of developing heart disease.

Which of the following ingredients would alert you to the likely presence of trans fatty acids in a product? vitamin E liquid corn oil partially hydrogenated vegetable oil lecithin

Which of the following is a rich source of omega-6 fatty acids? leafy green vegetables margarine made from corn or safflower oil flax seed oil salmon

Which of the following is TRUE about essential fatty acids? The body produces essential fatty acids. No vegetables contain essential fatty acids. Consumption of essential fatty acids raises an individual's risk for cardiovascular disease. We need to obtain omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids from food.

Why are phospholipids NOT essential nutrients? Phospholipids serve no useful function in the human body. Phospholipids are not naturally found in the healthy body. Beneficial GI bacteria produce phospholipids. Our bodies manufacture phospholipids.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about sterols? Cholesterol is the most common sterol found in the human diet. The human body produces sterols. Sterols contain a glycerol backbone and one fatty acid. Sterols are found in both plant and animal foods.

Sex hormones and adrenal hormones are substances derived from which class of lipid? triglycerides fatty acids sterols phospholipids

One of the two essential fatty acids is alpha-linolenic acid. What is the other one? cholesterol butyric cis linoleic

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be derived in limited quantities from linoleic acid. trans fat. alpha-linolenic acid. cholesterol.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the process of hydrogenation? Hydrogenation creates trans fatty acids. Hydrogenation creates a "heart healthy" product. Hydrogenation is the process in which hydrogen atoms are added to double bonds. Hydrogenation makes a product more solid at room temperature.

The major form of fat in both food and the body is phospholipids. sterols. glycerols. triglycerides.

Which of the following types of fat is required to be listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? phospholipids trans fatty acids essential fatty acids sterols

Which of the following are excellent sources of unsaturated fats? beans and rice full-fat dairy products meat nuts and nut butters

The most common sterol in our diet is olestra. cholesterol. phytosterol. stanol.

How many double bonds does a saturated fatty acid contain between carbons? none one two more than two

Every carbon atom in a saturated fat is saturated with ___________. cortisol insulin hydrogen cholesterol

Which group of foods is a good source of polyunsaturated fats? Whole grains, beans, quinoa Butter, whole milk, eggs Cashews, olive oil, canola oil Corn oil, walnuts, Safflower oil, tuna

An example of a compound synthesized from cholesterol is ________. pancreatic lipase vitamin D insulin vitamin B12

Lipids can be either solid or liquid at room temperature. True False

Only plants can synthesize cholesterol. True False

In general, animal-based fats are high in saturated fats. True False

Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed and transported more quickly than long-chain fatty acids. True False

Saturated fatty acids can occur in either a cis or trans shape. True False

Even if the Nutrition Facts panel states 0 g trans fats, the product could still have 1/2 g of trans fat per serving. True False

Saturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. True False

The term "monounsaturated" describes a fatty acid containing one double bond between two carbon atoms along the chain. True False

Lipids with a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids with a phosphate group are known as sterols. True False

Several recent research studies have indicated people who eat an ounce or two of nuts each day in addition to their usual diet did NOT gain weight as would be expected from their increased caloric intake. True False

Fat provides ______ kcals of energy per gram. 12 7 9 4

Where in the body are the majority of triglycerides stored for future energy needs? lipoproteins adipose tissue liver beta cells of the pancreas

How many Calories does 25 grams of fat provide? 23 kilocalories 2,250 kilocalories 225 kilocalories 100 kilocalories

During exercise, which of the following triggers the breakdown of stored fat? insulin lipoprotein lipase estrogen adrenaline

Yesterday Nadia consumed 250 grams of carbohydrate, 75 grams of protein, and 60 grams of fat. What percentage of Calories of her day's intake came from fat? 29% 13% 35% 15%

What role do polyunsaturated fatty acids play in the brain and spinal cord? They block the production of vessel-clogging cholesterol. They regulate calcium within normal ranges. They help transmit information between cells of the brain and spinal cord. They deplete the brain's glycogen levels.

A meal containing 10 g of fat provides _____ kcal from fat. 100 70 40 90

Fat is the most energy-dense of all the macronutrients. True False

Fat is digested and absorbed by the same process that digests and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins. False True

Most of the triglycerides in food reach the stomach without being chemically digested. True False

Which of the following statements is false? Once absorbed, dietary fat is transported from the intestinal cells to the blood through the lymph fluid. Bile plays a role in digestion. Significant chemical digestion begins in the duodenum. Fats are nonessential nutrients.

Lipids enter the bloodstream directly after digestion. True False

Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of the digestions of lipids? pancreatic lipase gastric lipase bile lingual lipase

What are micelles? emulsifiers used to break fat globules into small droplets during digestion a type of lipoprotein needed to absorb lipids lipid-digesting enzymes located in the small intestine clusters of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids surrounded by bile salts that transport lipids across the cell membrane of the villi

Which of the following organs does NOT assist in the digestion of lipids? liver large intestine gallbladder pancreas

The vast majority of fat digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. stomach. large intestine. liver.

To facilitate the digestion of dietary fats, the gallbladder stores and releases a substance known as hydrochloric acid. lipase. bile. bicarbonate.

Which lipoprotein transports dietary fat out of the small intestine? chylomicron sterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL) phospholipid

Fat leaves the chylomicron and moves into adipose cells when the chylomicron comes into contact with insulin. adrenaline. lipoprotein lipase. trypsin.

Fatty acids released from storage travel in the blood attached to the protein lysine. albumin. cysteine. methionine.

The spherical compounds made up of bile and phospholipids that transport dietary fat into the intestinal mucosal cells are the salivary enzymes. micelles. chylomicrons. albumins.

Fatty acids can be used _______ by cells for energy. eventually immediately partially occasionally

The gallbladder, liver, and _______ assist in fat digestion. spleen large intestine pancreas stomach

Fat is digested more easily than carbohydrate or protein. True False

The enzyme ___________________, secreted in the stomach, begins the digestion of some triglycerides.

The most common fat in foods are made up of three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon glycerol backbone and are called _______________

This enzyme, which breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids, is called ___________

__________ are carriers made up of bile and phospholipids that can trap monoglycerides and fatty acids and transport digested fats from food to the enterocytes.

When fat enters the small intestine, the gallbladder releases an emulsifier called __________ to break up the large fat globules into smaller fat droplets.

The _________ releases bile into the small intestine.

__________ is a lipid with a multiple-ring structure, and is an important component of cell membranes.

_______ are phospholipids that are used to make bile.

_______ are lipoproteins produced in the enterocyte that carry fats and cholesterol from the intestine through the lymph system and to the bloodstream.

Which of the following food items would contain the highest amount of saturated fat? steamed broccoli canola oil skim milk butter

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is what percentage of total energy intake? no more than 35% no more than 15% no more than 50% no more than 20%

Which of the following foods contains hidden fats? chocolate cake olive oil zucchini butter

Which of the following species of fish would likely contain the highest levels of contaminants? flounder swordfish mahi-mahi salmon

Which of the following health problems has been associated with consumption of fat replacers? elevated blood cholesterol levels mild gastrointestinal discomfort hypertension allergies

Which of the following is a fat replacer? saccharin trans fat olestra phosphate

How much trans fat is recommended in the diet? as little as possible 20% of total energy intake 9% of total energy intake 3% of total energy intake

The label on a box of chocolate cookies claims that they are "low-fat." By law, each serving must contain at least 50% less fat as compared to a standard serving. less than 0.5 grams of fat. 3 grams or less of fat. at least 25% less fat as compared to a standard serving.

Which of the following is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids, yet neutral in flavor, making it a good choice for cooking oil? corn oil canola oil coconut oil butter

One of your friends is trying to decrease his intake of saturated fat. Which of the following items would you recommend he choose to add to his coffee? half-and-half fat-free milk or 1% milk nondairy creamer whipping cream

Which of the following will help keep saturated fat intake at a healthy level? keeping cholesterol intake below 300 mg/day avoiding fatty fish, such as salmon choosing hydrogenated vegetable shortening instead of butter eating fewer than 1,500 cal per day

Diets extremely low in fat may be deficient in ________. calories energy beneficial bacteria essential fatty acids

The recommended intake of saturated fats is less than ________ of total energy intake. 10 to 35 percent 20 to 35 percent 10 to 15 percent 7 to 10 percent

To increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids, include fish, canola oil, ground flax seeds, or _____ in your diet. dairy foods red meat walnuts cheese

High fat intake is especially difficult to avoid if you regularly eat ___________. fast food fruit and fruit drinks whole grains dessert

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is ______ of total energy. 35 to 55 percent 20 to 35 percent 30 to 45 percent 7 to 10 percent

People attempting to lose weight will be most successful if they limit their consumption of fat to less than 15% of kilocalories. True False

Americans consume adequate amounts of linoleic acid but not enough ALA, EPA, or DHA. True False

Women are advised to avoid all fish products during pregnancy. True False

Invisible or "hidden" fats are ones that are translucent at room temperature. True False

Studies show that the use of fat replacers will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity. True False

The human body cannot make cholesterol; thus, it is an essential nutrient we must consume in our diet in moderation. True False

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids? corn oil skim milk peanut oil sour cream

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid? steak avocado corn oil olive oil

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats? olive oil peanuts skim milk butter

Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both. True False

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk? polyunsaturated fat saturated fat monounsaturated fat

Research has found the strongest association between dietary fat intake and what type of cancer? colon breast prostate lung

Diets high in trans and what other type of fatty acid contribute to chronic diseases, including heart disease and cancer? linoleic saturated polyunsaturated monounsaturated

The main ingredient in many current fat blockers is ________. sucrose cholesterol chitosan glycerol

Fat blockers are said to decrease the amount of fat absorbed in the ________. pancreas stomach small intestine abdomen

Which class of lipoproteins contains the MOST protein compared to lipid? low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins very-low-density lipoproteins chylomicrons

Which of the following statements regarding lipoproteins is TRUE? Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are formed in the small intestines to transport absorbed dietary lipids. As the very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) deposit triglycerides in the cells, they become denser and are classified as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Plaque is a build-up of lipoproteins in the bloodstream. The enzyme lingual lipase is responsible for removing triglycerides transported by the LDL.

Cholesterol transported from the cells to the liver by HDL can then be used to synthesize bile. False True

The study on cholesterol levels and memory indicates that people at age 55 with low levels of HDL had a __________% increased risk for memory loss. 27 40 53 55

What should be avoided or eliminated from the diet to improve blood levels of good cholesterol? cranberry juice trans and saturated fats canola or peanut oils poly- and monounsaturated fats

Dr. Johnson states that __________ is the most important lifestyle change to improve cholesterol levels. exercising regularly quitting smoking avoiding trans fats losing weight

Atherosclerosis is a disease of narrowing of the _______. arteries sinus passages brain stem esophagus

Hypertension (high blood pressure) signals an increased risk of heart attack and ________. cancer diabetes stroke osteoporosis

Which is the correct sequence of events in the development of atherosclerosis? Inflammation, arterial injury, plaque formation, fatty streak formation Arterial injury, fatty streak, plaque formation, inflammation Inflammation, arterial injury, fatty streak, plaque formation Arterial injury, inflammation, fatty streak, plaque formation

What is not a common form of cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Diabetes Hypertension Stroke Coronary heart disease

How does atherosclerosis contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? Lipid buildup leads to impaired blood flow. Accumulation of plaque decreases blood-clotting ability. It leads to elevated circulating blood glucose levels. Decreased cholesterol circulation leads to decreased oxygen circulation.

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) primarily transport _____ to the body's cells. triglycerides micronutrients lymph proteins

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) primarily transport _____ to the body's cells. triglycerides micronutrients lymph proteins

________, which transports cholesterol to cells of the body, has the highest cholesterol content of lipoproteins. Chylomicrons High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Making which dietary change can help lower LDL cholesterol levels? Decrease dietary saturated fat intake Decreasing dietary intake of fiber Eat most calories at one meal, preferably before 6:00 p.m. Increase alcohol consumption to two to three drinks per day for cardiovascular benefits

The DASH diet can be helpful in reducing risk for CVD by ____. lowering blood lipid levels and lowering blood pressure lowering blood glucose increasing dietary sodium decreasing diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure

What is the leading cause of death in the United States? diabetes heart disease infection cancer

An optimal systolic blood pressure reading would be less than 60 mmHg. 120 mmHg. 80 mmHg. 200 mmHg.

You would be diagnosed with true hypertension if your systolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or your diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 90 mmHg. 120 mmHg. 140 mmHg. 160 mmHg.

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease? being overweight gender age family history

A nonspecific marker of inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease is HDL-cholesterol. hypertension. C-reactive protein (CRP). LDL-cholesterol.

What lifestyle changes can a person take to improve his or her blood lipid profile? decrease intake of soluble fiber decrease amount of physical activity lower intake of saturated fat and trans fat maintain lower-than-normal body weight

The production of endogenous very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL) is decreased by exercise. simple sugars. dietary cholesterol. extra Calories.

A desirable total blood cholesterol level, associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, is less than 300 mg/dL. 40 mg/dL. 200 mg/dL. 100 mg/dL.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends a reduction in dietary sodium intake to how many mg per day? less than 3,600 less than 3,300 less than 200 less than 2,300

Which of the following sequences BEST summarizes the gradual development of atherosclerosis? blood vessel inflammation, heart attack damages arteries, tissue damage, immune response, lipids accumulate, plaque forms excess dietary cholesterol, plaque accumulation, blood vessel inflammation, blood glucose increase, immune response, cell damage artery cells injured, inflammation, blood lipids accumulate, fatty streaks form, plaque accumulates, diminished blood flow, tissue damage plaque ruptures blood vessels, immune response, inflammation, cholesterol accumulation, vessels narrow and harden, plaque repairs damage

Brad has recently increased his weekly intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Over time, which of the following effects would he likely NOT experience? reduction in blood triglycerides increase in risk for cardiovascular disease increase in HDLs reduction in inflammation

Hypertension is often a sign of underlying atherosclerosis. True False

Primary or essential hypertension, accounting for approximately 45-55% of people, is hereditary. True False

High blood levels of LDL-cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease. True False

High blood levels of HDL-cholesterol is associated with a low risk for coronary artery disease. True False

Minimizing your intake of unsaturated fatty acids as much as possible will lower your risk of heart disease. True False

Diabetes decreases an individual's risk for developing heart disease. True False

Fatty streaks in blood vessels indicate the presence of atherosclerosis. True False

Plaque minimizes the accumulation of cholesterol at the sites of damaged blood vessels. True False