Chapter 9 Enviro

Which of the following does not describe the status of the world's wild fisheries? A. Overharvesting threatens the fisheries. B. Subsidies are necessary to make the fisheries profitable. C. Fish farming has allowed wild fish to recover worldwide. D. Habitat destruction threatens the fisheries. E. All of these describe the status of wild fisheries.

Undernourished parents often raise children who are undernourished because the parents A. transfer genetic deficiencies to their children. B. do not know any better. C. cannot afford to feed their children properly. D. do not have access to the information about nutrition. E. All of these are reasons for the vicious cycle.

Food security has to do with A. a country's dependence on cash crop exports. B. preventing wars over diminishing food supplies. C. the ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis. D. the total volume of food a country imports. E. the total volume of aid a country receives.

Famines are most often serious when there is A. a very serious drought. B. no room to expand agriculture. C. steady population growth. D. armed conflict along with the natural disaster. E. an attempt by indigenous people to return to old traditions and lands.

People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______. A. fat and sugar, vitamins and protein B. proteins, carbohydrates C. vitamins, protein D. proteins and minerals, vitamins E. fiber, processed foods

Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary A. protein. B. iodine. C. iron. D. vitamin A. E. folic acid.

People who subsist on starchy foods such as cassava, potatoes, and white rice A. often receive insufficient protein. B. are usually severely overweight. C. have the healthiest possible diet. D. are sure to meet all their nutritional needs. E. are usually suffering from goiter.

Vitamin A deficiencies are associated with A. anemia. B. weak bones. C. a lack of energy, or listlessness. D. poorly developed neural systems in embryos. E. dry eyes and retinal degeneration.

What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies? A. dysentery and diarrhea B. dysentery and scurvy C. scurvy and pellagra D. goiter and cretinism E. marasmus and kwashiorkor

The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are A. potatoes, wheat, and oats. B. wheat, rice, and maize (corn). C. barley, oats, and rye. D. maize (corn), oats, and rice. E. oats, beans, and barley.

Most humans rely on just a few of the world's animal and plant species for food because only a few A. are edible. B. are available. C. have been discovered. D. food types are what we are accustomed to eating. E. All of these are true.

Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil? A. A complex of minerals that provide energy for plant growth B. A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, and living organisms C. A mass of dead organic matter and detritus; dirt D. An elaborate mixture of organic matter and minerals E. All of these adequately describe soil.

Mineral particles in the soil are derived from A. underlying bedrock. B. materials transported and deposited by glaciers. C. materials transported and deposited by rivers. D. materials transported and deposited by wind. E. All of these.

When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ______ pore space. A. more B. about the same C. less D. significantly more E. It depends on the other minerals that are present.

What component makes soil sticky, elastic, and impermeable? A. sands B. organic matter C. living organisms D. clay E. a large particle size

Spaces between sand particles give sandy soil A. the ability to hold water. B. low permeability to air. C. good drainage. D. the ability to store minerals. E. low permeability to water.

A "heavy" soil would have a high ____________ content. A. sand B. iron C. silt D. clay E. gravel

The critical organic component of soil that gives it its structure is termed A. clay B. humus C. parent material D. heavy soil E. bedrock

Which of the following cannot be found in soil? A. fungus and algae B. algae and bacteria C. insects and bacteria D. insects and fungus E. All of these are found in soil.

Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil. A. deep below the surface of B. near the middle of C. close to the surface of D. spread uniformly throughout E. About half stay close to the surface and the other half stay deep below the surface of the soil.

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called A. soil profiles. B. soil horizons. C. soil textures. D. soil types. E. soil classifications.

Topsoil contains predominantly A. organic material. B. mineral material. C. plant roots. D. insoluble minerals and sand. E. mixed organic and mineral particles.

Which of the following would have nearly zero or zero topsoil? A. virgin prairies B. deserts C. tropical rainforests D. tundra E. All of these have topsoil.

The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered A. humus. B. organic detritus and roots. C. residual aluminum and iron. D. soil. E. rock fragments.

The richest farming soils that form under the grasslands of central North America and under moist deciduous forests are the A. latisols and aridisols. B. ultisols and mollisols. C. mollisols and alfisols. D. entisols and ultisols. E. alfisols and ultisols.

In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from A. irrigation in arid areas. B. building up soil reserves on farms worldwide. C. clearing rainforests. D. an increase on the land being used for agriculture, especially in developed countries. E. new crop varieties and intensified farming.

Which of the following is not true of the Brazilian Cerrado? A. it is a fertile rainforest B. it has more than 10,000 species of plants C. its soil is acidic and nutrient poor D. it is a major source of soybeans E. it is one of the fastest growing agricultural areas in the world

Which of the following are forms of chemical deterioration of soil? A. salinization and acidification B. waterlogging and laterization C. compaction and nutrient depletion D. pollution and waterlogging E. water and wind erosion

Rill erosion leads to A. sheet erosion. B. wind erosion. C. gullying. D. soil compaction. E. salinization and waterlogging

Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in A. forested grazing lands on high mountains. B. open, arid regions. C. fertile river bottoms with annual floods. D. agricultural regions in the far north. E. protected, arid regions.

About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture? A. 1/10 B. 2/3 C. 3/4 D. 9/10 E. 1/2

Waterlogging results from A. toxic metal accumulation. B. excessive irrigation. C. excessive plowing. D. natural wind erosion processes. E. natural water erosion processes.

Salinization is a common agricultural problem in what type of region? A. arid B. cold C. tropical D. humid E. windy

The efficiency of irrigation water use is ______ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is A. high, the abundance of water. B. high, the careful use of water because it is so expensive. C. high, the technology to distribute the water where it is needed is available. D. low, the lack of availability of technology to distribute the water where it is needed. E. low, evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling.

Legumes are plants whose roots contain bacteria that can fix nitrogen and naturally fertilize the plant. Which of the following are legumes? A. peas, beans, and alfalfa B. carrots, potatoes, and beets C. peas, spinach, and rhubarb D. celery, carrots, and onions E. beans, grasses, and root crops (potatoes, etc.)

"Green manure" is A. fresh animal waste that has not aged. B. green plants, especially legumes that are planted and then plowed under. C. green plants, especially grasses that are raised for animal fodder. D. commercial fertilizer that is certified organic. E. fresh animal waste that is certified organic.

Which of the following uses the least amount of energy in industrialized farming practices? A. fuel for tractors and other machines B. production of chemical fertilizers C. pumping groundwater D. drying the crops E. transporting the crops to market.

High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields A. even in severe drought conditions. B. with primitive farming techniques and no chemical use. C. in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. D. in all conditions where standard crops fail. E. in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation and only "good" yields in less than ideal situations.

Worldwide, traditional and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties. A. become more widespread B. stayed about the same in terms of use C. been slightly influenced by new varieties D. been widely replaced by new varieties E. spread from region to region, leading to increased diversity

Fifty years ago, there were several hundred varieties of wheat grown in the Middle East. Now a few of the more modern high responder varieties have replaced the indigenous species. What are the implications of this change? A. The productivity of wheat should continue to rise and increase the availability of food per person. B. Genetic resources are diminished and an epidemic of wheat disease is highly likely due to the reliance on few species. C. The high responder varieties will need specialized harvesting methods because they are so productive. D. The biodiversity of wheat species has increased because of the introduction of few hybrid species. E. All of these.

The first Genetically modified animal for human consumption is a Salmon with extra growth hormones. Which of the following is not a concern about this animal? A. They will probably out compete wild salmon for mates. B. Eating this fish will add extra hormones into our diet. C. They will probably out compete wild salmon for food. D. They will probably out compete wild salmon for habitat. E. These are all worries about the GM salmon.

Which is the best cropping method for reducing erosion? A. rotating corn, wheat, and clover B. growing corn continuously C. growing wheat continuously D. growing clover continuously E. None of these is more effective in reducing erosion.

Annual row crops such as __________ cause the highest topsoil erosion rates because _____________. A. corn and coffee, they use so many nutrients B. wheat and coffee, they need so much water C. tea and beans, plowing in the fall is required for planting of these annual spring crops D. beans and coffee, trees are usually cut down for the fields E. corn and beans, soil is left bare for the majority of the year

An effective way to measure soil erosion in a region is to measure the A. amount of dust in the air. B. sediment load of rivers. C. amount lost on crop fields. D. distance the dust travels. E. All of these are effective ways to measure the loss

Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to A. prevent weed spreading. B. improve plowing efficiency. C. improve harvesting efficiency. D. prevent water and soil loss. E. make farms more attractive.

Which of the following is the best way to ensure soil health? A. maintaining clean, open ground between rows B. strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest C. clearing fields immediately after harvesting D. establishing ridges running up and down hills E. All of these are good practices in ensuring soil health.

Another word for cover crops is A. mulch. B. strip farming. C. green manure. D. shade planting. E. All of these.

Which of these is not a benefit found with reduced tillage farming? A. water conservation B. soil preservation C. increased crop yields D. soil aeration and loosening E. decreased insects and weeds

One of the drawbacks of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest is increased A. cost due to the high cost of fertilizers. B. pest and disease problems. C. salinization. D. energy use of machinery. E. wind erosion.

The benefits of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest include A. protecting soil organisms. B. reducing evaporation. C. breaking the erosive effects of wind and water. D. reducing soil temperatures. E. All of these.

One of the ecological benefits associated with aquaculture is the organic material generated from the aquaculture tanks. The nutrients increase the health and productivity of the surrounding natural ecosystem. A. True B. False

"Undernourished" people's diets do not provide 2,200 kcal per day on a long-term basis. A. True B. False

A new (2002) dietary food pyramid recommends 6-11 servings of bread, rice, cereal, and pasta. A. True B. False

Agricultural (farm) subsidies are especially effective in helping preserve small "family farms." A. True B. False

Agricultural cropland is shrinking worldwide. A. True B. False

Sustainable farming is safer than conventional farming, but much more expensive. A. True B. False

Buying shade grown coffee and cocoa has a minimal effect on local ecosystems where they are grown. A. True B. False