Chapter 8

When George Washington took office as the first president of the United States, American leaders believed that the new nation's success depended on: a. creating political parties as a means of channeling the people's passions. b. maintaining political harmony. c. protecting all forms of freedom. d. Washington's willingness to serve until he died. e. coining money.

All of the following men held a high executive or judicial office during George Washington's presidency EXCEPT a. John Adams. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. James Madison. d. Alexander Hamilton. e. John Jay.

Alexander Hamilton's long-term goal was to: a. build up the Republican Party's political power. b. assure that the United States would be a primarily agrarian nation. c. promote the power of state governments. d. make the United States a major commercial and military power. e. succeed George Washington as president.

Which of the following was NOT part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program? a. creating a new national debt, thereby giving bondholders a stake in the nation's future b. the Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England c. a tax on whiskey producers as a means of raising revenue d. taxes and subsidies to promote American manufacturing e. a national capital city with experimental manufacturing

Which of the following was NOT an objection raised by critics of Hamilton's proposals? a. Creating a standing army would threaten individual liberty. b. A whiskey tax would unfairly target backcountry farmers used to distilling their grain. c. Hamilton's program would create a corrupt alliance between government and large commercial interests. d. The proposals would prevent the development of manufacturing, and manufacturing was vital to America's future. e. Hamilton's plan for new government bonds would unfairly reward speculators.

Opponents of Hamilton's economic plan: a. included George Washington. b. were mostly northerners who had supported ratification of the Constitution. c. believed future growth was to be found through close ties with Britain. d. agreed to a compromise that included placing the national capital in the South. e. were simply jealous of Hamilton's close relationship with Washington.

"Strict constructionists" believed: a. Jay's Treaty should be construed or interpreted to put more restrictions on Indians. b. freedom of speech and of the press should be restricted if the president believed that to be necessary. c. the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution. d. the "general welfare" clause of the Constitution gave the federal government power to create a national bank. e. the creation of new western settlements should be strictly limited in order to avoid Indian wars.

Pierre Charles L'Enfant is well known for: a. leading a slave rebellion in Saint Domingue. b. designing Washington, D.C. c. masterminding the XYZ affair. d. negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. e. writing Letters from an American Farmer.

Benjamin Banneker was: a. a scientist who helped survey the new national capital. b. congressional leader of the opposition to Hamilton in the early 1790s. c. the secretary of war who publicly disagreed with Washington over Indian policy. d. an African-American slave whose capture inspired the Fugitive Slave Law. e. the first black person elected to Congress when he won election in the "Revolution of 1800."

How did Americans respond to the French Revolution? a. Almost everyone supported it at first, because the French seemed to be following in Americans' footsteps. b. Hamilton supported the creation of a standing army to prepare the nation should French radicalism spread across the Atlantic. c. Opponents of the French Revolution formed the Republican Party, headed by Thomas Jefferson. d. They blocked passage of Jay's Treaty, which showed preference for Great Britain. e. President Washington immediately spoke out against French radicals and dispatched American warships to assist England.

What happened to King Louis XVI during the French Revolution? a. He abdicated the throne and moved to Switzerland. b. He successfully fled to Austria with his wife. c. He ruled as a less powerful constitutional monarch after the Revolution. d. He was executed. e. He was rescued by British spies from French imprisonment.

With whom did Alexander Hamilton and his supporters believe that the United States needed to cultivate a firm relationship in order to survive as a nation? a. the Indians b. the Spanish c. the French d. the West Indies e. the British

Edmond Genet was a French diplomat who: a. was also a British spy, which led to his arrest in the United States. b. commissioned American ships to fight the British. c. sought refuge in America as soon as the French Revolution began in 1789. d. became a key advisor to President Washington on European affairs. e. sought unsuccessfully to convince the Democratic-Republican Societies to support the French Revolution.

Which of the following led directly to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the Federalist Party? a. Hamilton-Burr duel b. election of 1800 c. Shays's Rebellion d. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions e. Jay's Treaty

The French Revolution: a. was very conservative compared to the American Revolution. b. reinforced the Republicans' sympathy toward the French. c. brought American troops to France to fight for liberty. d. had very little impact on American foreign policy. e. had the support of the American Federalist Party.

Which of the following is true of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794? a. The "rebels" largely blamed the Republican Party for their troubles. b. The Rebellion ended after a battle in which the "rebel" leader, Rufus King, was killed. c. It represented the first major challenge to the administration of President John Adams. d. It was the only time in U.S. history that the president commanded an army in the field. e. The Rebellion demonstrated that North-South divisions over slavery could turn violent.

The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s: a. criticized the Washington administration. b. spoke out against the French Revolution. c. formed only about a dozen chapters in various cities. d. strongly supported Hamilton's economic program. e. broke up and created the Democratic and Republican parties by 1797.

Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: a. was the first pamphlet published in the United States by an American woman. b. was inspired by Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. c. won strong support from the Federalist Party. d. strongly challenged traditional gender roles. e. was based on her experiences as a cross-dressing soldier during the Revolutionary War.

Which of the following is true of women and political life in the new republic of the 1790s? a. The use of the word "male" in various provisions of the Constitution of 1787 excluded women from any role in politics. b. Women, unlike white men and male African-American slaves, were specifically not counted in determining congressional representation. c. Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for increased rights for their sex. d. Women actually gained the right to vote, but not the right to hold office, in four New England states and in Pennsylvania by 1799. e. The prevailing view of women as intellectually inferior to men meant that women's involvement in politics never was considered.

Judith Sargent Murray argued that women's apparent mental inferiority to men simply reflected the fact that women had been denied: a. educational opportunities. b. the right to vote. c. the right to own private property. d. enough leisure time. e. the ability to earn a living wage.

Which of the following was NOT true of the United States in 1797? a. The two political parties not only demonstrated divisions in the nation, but were divided within themselves. b. John Adams, the new president, was brilliant but austere and stubborn. c. American neutrality in the European war was not working; both England and France were seizing American ships with impunity. d. The United States already was divided along sectional lines, with Federalists strong in New England and Republicans strong in the South. e. Believing that political parties were wrong, Adams included Jefferson and Hamilton in his government, and they did not get along.

The 1796 election pitted John Adams and Thomas Pinckney against: a. James Madison and John Marshall. b. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. c. Aaron Burr and John Jay. d. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. e. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.

The "quasi-war" was a war of the United States against: a. England. b. Spain. c. The Netherlands. d. France. e. Canada.

Fries's Rebellion: a. was an uprising in Massachusetts. b. was provoked because of heavy taxes on whiskey. c. resulted in over three-hundred deaths and much property destruction. d. resulted in the execution of John Fries for treason. e. resulted in a loss of support for Federalists in southeastern Pennsylvania.

The Sedition Act of 1798: a. targeted recent arrivals to the United States. b. led to the jailing of Federalist editors. c. was more stringent and oppressive than similar laws in Europe. d. led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech. e. was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court two years later.

The Sedition Act targeted: a. Alexander Hamilton's economic ideas. b. Federalists. c. the Republican press. d. illegal immigrants. e. British sympathizers.