Chapter 5,6,7

Chapter 5

According to the Cephalocaudal principle, growth occurs from top down.

According to the Proximodistal principle, growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward.

The importance of good nutrition for infants and toddlers is critical. Normal growth and brain development require the proper mix of vitamins, minerals, calories, and high-quality protein sources.

The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breast-feeding recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months.

Breast-feed babies are less likely to show language and motor delays.

Automatic involuntary, innate responses to stimulations.

The regions of the developing brain that control sensory information grow rapidly during the first few months of life, enabling newborn infants to make fairly good sense of what they touch, see, small, taste, hear.

Touch is the first sense to develop; for the first several months it is the most mature sensory system. By 32 weeks of gestation, all body parts are sensitive to touch, and this sensitivity increases during the first 5 days of life.

The senses of smell and taste also begin to develop in the womb, and some taste preferences may be largely innate.

Auditory discrimination develops rapidly after birth. At 1 month, babies can distinguish sounds as close as ba and pa.

Newborns blink at bright lights. Their peripheral vision is very narrow; it more doubles between 2 and 10 weeks of age.

Gross motor skills involving the use of large muscle groups.

Fine motor skills requiring precise coordination of small muscles, such as grasping a rattle and copying a circle.

At birth, most infants can turn their heads from side to side while lying on their backs. With in the first 2 to 3 months, they lift their heads higher and higher.

At about 3 months, most infants can grasp an object of moderate size, such as a rattle, but have trouble holding a small object.

The ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions, depends on cues that affect the image of the object on the retina of the eye where the sensory receptors cells are located.

In a classic experiment by Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson, 6 month -old babies were placed on a clear acrylic tabletop laid over a checkerboard pattern that created the illusion of a vertical drop a Visual cliff in the center of the table.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, sometimes called crib death, is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant 1 year .

World wide, more than 78 percent of children now receive vaccinations during their 1 year.

Physical abuse: injury to the body though punching, beating, kicking, or burning. Neglect: failure to meet a child's needs basic needs, such as food, clothing, medical care, protection and supervision. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child and an older person. Emotional maltreatment: Includes rejection; terrorization; isolation; exploitation; degradation; ridicule; or failure to provide emotional support, love and affection.

Shaken baby syndrome is found mainly in children under 2, most often in infants.

Chapter 6

During this stage, from birth to approximately age 2, infants learn about themselves and their world though their developing sensory and motor activity as they change from creatures who respond primarily though reflexes and random behavior into goal-oriented toddlers.

(Birth to about 1 month), neonates practice reflex behaviors. (about 1 to 4 months), babies lean to repeat a pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance. (about 4 to 8 months) Babies engage in secondary circular reactions: pleasurable intentional actions that have results beyond the infant's own body. (about 8 to 12 months), they have built on a few schemes they were born with. They have to learn to generalize from the past experience to solve new problems. ( about 12 to 18 months), babies begin to experiment with new behavior to see what will happen. They now engage in tertiary circler reactions, varying an action to test out the result. (about18 months to 2 years), is a transition into the pre operational stage of early childhood.

The understanding that an object still exists even when not in sight. Develops at 18 months.

Action and response both involve infants own body. ( 1 to 4 months)

Action gets a response from another person or object, leading to a babies repeating original action. (4 to 8 months)

Action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar results. (12 to 18 months)

The Social-contextual Approach examines the environment's effects on the learning process. Researchers influenced by Vygotsky's social cultural theory study of how the cultural context affects early social interactions that may promote cognitive ability, sometimes through the process of guided participation.

Language is a communication system and its based on words and grammar, and it is inextricably intertwined with cognition.

Before babies can use words, they make their needs and feelings known though sounds that progress from crying to cooing and babbling then to accidental imitation, and finally to deliberate imitation. These sounds are known as prelinguistic speech.

When talking to an infant or toddler, if you speak slowly in a high-pitched voice with exaggerated ups and downs, simplify your speech, exaggerate vowel sounds, and use short words and sentences and much repetition, you are using Child directed speech some times called parents or motherese.

In a study of 2,581 low-income families, about half of the members reported reading daily to their preschool children between 14 months and 3 years.

Chapter 7

Emotions are subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

sOCIAL Smiling, when newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents, develops in the 2nd month of life.

Self- conscious emotions, such as embarrassment, envy, and shame arise only after children have developed self-awareness at about age 3.

Self-awareness involves the cognitive understanding that they have a recognizable identity, separate and different from the rest of the world.

Has moods of mild to moderate intensity, usually positive. Responds well to novelty usually positive and change. Quickly develops regular sleep and feeding schedules. Takes a new foods easily Smilies at strangers Adapts easily to new situations. Accepts most frustrations with little fuss. Adapts quickly to new routines and rules of new games.

Displays intense and frequently negative moods; cries often and loudly; also laughs loudly. Responds poorly to novelty and change. sleeps and eats irregularly. Accepts new foods slowly. Is suspicious of strangers Adapts slowly to new situations. Reacts to frustration with tantrums Adjusts slowly to new routines.

Has mildly intense reactions, both positive and negative. Responds slowly to novelty and change. sleeps and eats more regularly than the difficult child, less regularly then the easy child. Shows mildly negative initial response to new stimuli( a first encounter with a new person, place, or situation). Gradually develops liking for a new stimuli after repeated, unpressured exposures.

According to the NYLS, the key to healthy adjustment is goodness of fit, the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands.

Attachment is a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of contributes to the relationship.

Basic trust vs. basic mistrust. This stage begins in infancy and continues until about 18 months.

A now classic laboratory- based technique designed to assess attachment patterns between a 10- to-24 month old infant and an adult.

There is a secure attachment the most common category into which about 60 to 75 percent of low-risk North American babies fall.

Stranger anxiety, wariness of a person he does not know.

Separation anxiety distress when a familiar caregiver leaves him.

When babies look at their caregivers upon encountering an ambiguous, confusing, or unfamiliar situation, they are engaging in social referencing, seeking out emotional information to guide behavior.

The self-concept is our image of ourselves our total picture of our abilities and traits. It describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions.

Erik son identified the period from about 18 months to 3 years as the second stages in psychosocial development, autonomy versus shame and doubt.

A person's independent control of behavior to control of behavior to conform to understand social expectations.

Although parents exert a major influence on children's lives, relationships with other children both in the home and out it are important too. These relationships shapE and mold us over time, and they become increasingly important with age.