group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
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actor-observer bias
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phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
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ageism
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prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
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aggression
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seeking to cause harm or pain to another person
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altruism
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humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
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attitude
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evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
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attribution
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explanation for the behavior of other people
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bullying
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a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
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bystander effect
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situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
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central route persuasion
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logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
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cognitive dissonance
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psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
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collectivist culture
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culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
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companionate love
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type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships
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confederate
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person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
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confirmation bias
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seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
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conformity
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when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
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consummate love
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type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
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cyberbullying
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repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
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diffusion of responsibility
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tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
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discrimination
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negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
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dispositionism
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describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
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empathy
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capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels
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foot-in-the-door technique
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persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
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fundamental attribution
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error tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
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group polarization
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strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
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groupthink
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group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
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homophily
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tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
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homophobia
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prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
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hostile aggression
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aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
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in-group bias
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preference for our own group over other groups
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in-group
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group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
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individualistic culture
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culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
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informational social influence
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conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
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instrumental aggression
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aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
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internal factor
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internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament
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just-world hypothesis
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ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
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normative social influence
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conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
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obedience
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change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequence
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out-group
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group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us
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peripheral route
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persuasion one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
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persuasion
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process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication
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prejudice
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negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
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prosocial behavior
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voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
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racism
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prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race
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reciprocity
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give and take in relationships
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romantic love
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type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
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scapegoating
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act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
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script
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person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
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self-disclosure
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sharing personal information in relationships
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
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self-serving bias
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tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
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sexism
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prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
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situationism
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describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists
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social exchange theory
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humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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social facilitation
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improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone
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social loafing
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exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
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social norm
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group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
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social psychology
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field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
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social role
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socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
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stanford prison experiment
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Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
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stereotype
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negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
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triangular theory of love
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model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
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Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?
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Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
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Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
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sexist
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Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
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Zimbardo
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Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.
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reciprocity
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Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
answer
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
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In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants.
answer
scapegoating
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Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
answer
diffusion of responsibility
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Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
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influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
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The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese
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bystander effect
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Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
answer
ageist
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Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.
answer
self-serving bias
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What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
answer
Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
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Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.
answer
romantic
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Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
answer
having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
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Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
answer
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
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What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?
answer
Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.
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Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?
answer
Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
question
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
answer
Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
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Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
answer
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
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What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
answer
groupthink
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Ectomorph
answer
A somatotype, individuals with narrow shoulders and narrow hips, characterised by thinness. Personality is anxious, self conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, private
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Endomorph
answer
A somatotype, individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders, characterised by fatness. Personality is relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even tempered, sociable, and tolerant
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Mesomorph
answer
A somatotype, individuals with wide shoulders and narrow waist, attractive strong body characterized by muscularity. Personality is adventurist, assertive, competitive, and fearless
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