Psychology Final Study Guide

Critical thinking is___________.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the __________ include food, water, and shelter.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on and early childhood experiences.

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

William James was the ________.

Behaviorists study ________.

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study _____________.

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ____________.

Why is psychology considered a social science?

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

A(n) _____________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

Microchip brain implants are now used on a regular basis for the treatment of

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord and is associated with sleep.

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

What are the two components of declarative memory?

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Specific normative events are also called ________.

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

The concept conservation refers to ________.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

___________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. As a result of this fear he avoids open staircases. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

Which of the following is an example of avolition?

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

Etiology is another word for ________.

What symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorder is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

What is comorbidity?

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

ECT stands for ________.

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________.

Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

Dr. Bronson treats Parkinson's disorders with a relatively new surgical procedure, known as the ________ .

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include _________.

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis?

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

A major advantage of case studies is ________. Question options:

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.