chapter 11 exam example #75013

causal attribution The process of perception is complex, but it can be boiled down to four steps: selective attention, interpretation and evaluation, storing in memory, and retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisions.

the recency effect The recency effect is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information, perhaps because when you activate your recall, the later recollections are still present in working memory.

underemployment Many people working have a college degree. But some are underemployed, working at jobs that require less education than they have, such as tending bar or stocking shelves.

internal Employees with internal locus of control will probably resist close managerial supervision. Hence, they should probably be placed in jobs requiring high initiative and lower compliance.

when large amounts of money are on the line You're apt to cling to old ideas in the face of new evidence (in other words, reduce dissonance) if you have a lot invested emotionally or financially in those ideas.

are more dependent on others Low-self-esteem people confronted with failure have been found to focus on their weaknesses and to have primarily negative thoughts. Moreover, they are more dependent on others and are more apt to be influenced by them and to be less likely to take independent positions.

social awareness The trait of social awareness includes empathy, allowing you to show others that you care, and organizational intuition, so you keenly understand how your emotions and actions affect others.

Self-management The self-management trait of EI is the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways. You can leave occasional bad moods outside the office.

behavioral or intentional The behavioral component of an attitude, also known as the intentional component, refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation.

Personality Personality is defined as the stable physical and mental characteristics responsible for a person's identity. It is at the center of the diversity wheel.

work-life balance According to numerous surveys, employees are more interested in striking a balance between work and family life rather than just earning a paycheck.

job turnover Workplace stress diminishes positive emotions, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job performance and increases alcohol and illicit drug use, overeating, and job turnover.

ethnicity Organizational dimensions include management status, union affiliation, work location, seniority, work content, and department or division.

Stress Stress is the tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively.

develop a more formal structure with close, authoritative supervision Job stress often results because employees work under poor supervision and lack freedom. Wherever possible, it's better to keep the organizational environment less formal, more personal, and more supportive of employees.

tolerance for ambiguity The Big Five personality dimensions are (1) extroversion, (2) agreeableness, (3) conscientiousness, (4) emotional stability, and (5) openness to experience.

self-efficacy Complex, challenging, and autonomous jobs tend to enhance people's perceptions of their self-efficacy. Boring, tedious jobs generally do the opposite.

Complete an EI assessment. Among the main ways to reduce cognitive dissonance are to change your attitude and/or behavior, belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior, or find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones.

organizational commitment; perceived stress Among the key correlates of job satisfaction are stronger motivation, job involvement, organizational commitment, and life satisfaction and less absenteeism, tardiness, turnover, and perceived stress.

stereotyping Stereotyping is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.

Values Values are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.

The halo effect The halo effect occurs when we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.

emotional stability Standardized personality tests are used to score people on each dimension to draw a person's personality profile that is supposedly as unique as his or her fingerprints. For example, if you scored low on emotional stability, you supposedly would be nervous, tense, angry, and worried.

cognitive dissonance In 1957, social psychologist Leon Festinger proposed the term cognitive dissonance to describe the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior. Because people are uncomfortable with inconsistency, Festinger theorized, they will seek to reduce the "dissonance" or tension of the inconsistency.

a self-fulfilling prophecy or the Pygmalion effect As a manager, when you expect employees to perform badly, they probably will, and when you expect them to perform well, they probably will is referred to as a self-fulfilling prophecy, or the Pygmalion effect.