In what form does energy pass through the trophic levels shown on the map?
answer
chemical potential energy
question
Many of the linkers in the map say "pass SOME energy and nutrients to." Where did the rest of the energy go? Select the most appropriate linker to make the map more complete.
answer
All trophic levels release some energy as heat.
question
The reference map does not indicate the source of energy and nutrients for decomposers. What would be an appropriate linker to add to the map to make it more complete?
answer
All trophic levels pass energy and nutrients to decomposers.
question
Which sequence of organisms represents a primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer in a food chain?
answer
algae -> snail -> otter -> shark
question
Cows eat grass. If you added up all the biomass of a population of cows and the biomass of all the grass that those cows eat over their lifetimes, which would be higher?
answer
cow biomass < grass biomass. It would take about 100 kg of grass to produce every 10 kg of cow.
question
Grass contains carbon. When a cow eats grass, where does the carbon from the grass end up?
answer
in the biomass of the cow and in the atmosphere as CO2
question
Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .
answer
Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass. Much of the energy is spent on body maintenance and is unavailable to the higher-order consumer.
question
What is net primary productivity (NPP)? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .
answer
Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed.
NPP measures the amount of primary producer material that is available for consumption after the primary producers have used some portion of GPP for cellular respiration or lost it as heat.
question
You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .
answer
biomagnification
question
Dendritus
dead animal rotting log
answer
Primary producer
living maple leaves Primary consumer or decomposer
maggots cricket fungus Secondary consumer
earthworm millipede
Both secondary and tertiary consumer
alligator lizard robin
question
If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter.
Energy contained in feces is available to higher trophic levels.
Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature.
Energy spent on cellular respiration is available to higher trophic levels.
Autotrophs typically capture about 90% of the available energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy.
Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels.
answer
If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter.Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature.In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy.
Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels.
question
a 235/1575 b 25/235 c 3/25
answer
14.9, 10.6, 12.0 %
question
Biogeochemical cycles
The carbon cycle is one of many biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Can you identify the main features of a biogeochemical cycle and show how the carbon cycle exhibits these features?
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
answer
1. In a biogeochemical cycle, a chemical element spends time in different places, called reservoirs.
2. As a chemical element moves through a biogeochemical cycle, it moves between "bio" and "geo." The "bio" in biogeochemical refers to biotic reservoirs, or living organisms.
3. The "geo" in biogeochemical refers to Earth--specifically, to the abiotic reservoirs where a chemical element can be found.
4. In the terrestrial carbon cycle, the abiotic reservoir from which living organisms directly obtain their carbon is the atmosphere.
5. Carbon moves from an abiotic reservoir to living organisms during the process of photosynthesis.
6. Carbon moves from living organisms to an abiotic reservoir during the process of cellular respiration.
question
What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
answer
decomposition
question
Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?
answer
algae
question
Detritus is composed of _____.
answer
dead organic matter and excreted wastes
question
What factor most affects nutrient cycling? See Section 53.2 ( page 1124) .
Decomposition
The amount of rainfall
The acidity of secretions produced by plant roots
Nutrient production
answer
decomposition
question
The carbon cycle describes the cycling of carbon between Earth's biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) reservoirs. Identify the major reservoirs and processes in the carbon cycle by labeling the diagram below.
answer
a CO2 in atmosphere b photosynthesis on land c photosynthesis in ocean d cellular respiration e plants f burning fossil fuels g consumers h decomposers
question
Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?
Select all that apply.
choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work
limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose
replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy
cutting down forests to build houses
burning vegetation to clear land for agriculture
using more electrical appliances and cars
answer
choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work
limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose
replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy
question
One effect of global warming is ______. See Section 53.3 ( page 1130) .
answer
increased species extinction rates because of the need to shift ranges
question
What is a negative feedback in the context of global warming? See Section 53.3 ( page 1130)
The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants and the ocean increases
Carbon dioxide produces increased clouds, blocking sunlight from reaching the ground
Warmer temperatures increase human use of air conditioning
Warmer temperatures melt snow in northern latitudes, adding more methane to the atmosphere
answer
The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants and the ocean increases
question
Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas because it _____. See Section 53.3 ( page 1130) .
traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat
makes tropical plants grow more rapidly than normal, just like in a greenhouse
creates moist, humid environments similar to a greenhouse
(eventually) makes plants grow year-round, just like in a greenhouse
answer
traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat
question
GPP
answer
gross primary product
question
gpp
answer
total amount of energy produced in a given area and timer period
question
what is gpp used for in producers?
answer
cellular respiration or growth and reproduction
question
t or f once carbon enters a plant it can....
exit the plant as CO2
answer
true, plants have cellular respiration
question
t or f once carbon enters a plant it can....
become part of the plant cell walls, protein and fat
answer
true
question
t or f once carbon enters a plant it can....
be consumed by an insect feeding on the plant and become part of the insect's body
answer
true
question
t or f once carbon enters a plant it can....be turned into energy for plant growth
answer
false, because carbon can store energy, it doesn't provide any
question
NPP
answer
net primary productivity
question
energy invested in producers in building new tissue or offspring
answer
npp
question
npp = gpp - (_)
answer
R, the energy used/lost in cellular respiration
question
biomass is the same as
answer
npp
question
do plants absorb all the light the sun emits?
answer
no only about 0.8%
question
why can solar panels only reach 20% efficiency and plants and stuff?
answer
the efficiency of enzymes is temperature dependent, seasons can affect photosynthesis rates, only a fraction of the light wavelengths available
question
about how much energy of gpp goes to npp?
answer
45%; 55% is for cellular respiration and heat
question
dead stuff
answer
detritus
question
grazing food chain
answer
the primary producer is alive, eaten by a consumer
question
decomposer food chain
answer
the primary producer is dead, eaten by detrovore which is eaten by consumer
question
dead or alive food chains more favorable?
answer
depend on season, temperature, light levels, species interactions but its mostly much more npp with live food
question
Why would it take 10x more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat
answer
To grow a kilogram of beef, first you have to grow 10 kg of grain or grass and feed it to the cow. Only 10 percent of this 10 kg will be used for growth and reproduction—the other 9 kg is used for cellular respiration or lost as heat.
question
why is it more efficient to eat lobster than chicken even though they feed at the same tropic level
answer
Crustaceans and fish are ectothermic, so they are much more efficient at converting primary production into the biomass in their bodies than are endothermic birds and mammals.
question
which animal produces better biomass large or small, why?
answer
large, small s:va ratio and loose less heat
question
biomass efficiency better in ecto or endotherms?
answer
ectotherms because they devote their energy to growth instead of heat n respiration
question
why do higher tropic levels get more POP biognification?
answer
because they have much less biomass and the same amount of tissue; so the concentration is intense
question
why would you get mercury poisoning from eating tuna (top predator) everyday but not the same amount of sardines (primary consumers)
answer
Tuna are top predators in marine food webs. Mercury occurs in low concentrations in the water, but accumulates in higher concentrations at each trophic level. By eating a lot of tuna, you will accumulate mercury over time and potentially get mercury poisoning. Sardines are primary consumers, a low trophic level, and so they are not in danger of biomagnification of mercury.
question
where is productivity highest, land or sea?
answer
in general, on land because there is more light for photosynthesis in the land than underwater
question
where is productivity highest and lowest on land?
answer
tundras and deserts are the lowest and tropics are the highest
question
where is productivity highest underwater?
answer
-where rivers delivered nutrients and deposit them on the coast
-nearshore ocean currents bring cold nutrients upwards (up-welling)
question
lowest underwater productivity?
answer
oceanic zones with no upwelling or river input; it is somewhat of a dessert full of dead cells
question
is npp higher towards the poles or equator? why?
answer
equator; because the sunlight and temperature availability decrease with latitude
question
why is npp low in deserts despite low altitude and closeness to equator
answer
the low rainfall
question
estimate the npp per unit area for the open ocean, how does this explain the high total npp despite its low npp per swquare meter
answer
The average NPP is about 125 g/m2/year. Area = 65 percent. Although NPP in the ocean is very small, the ocean is so vast that it ends up being the largest contributor to total NPP.
question
how much of total npp is taken by humns? what is that used for?
answer
24%. 53% of this is timber or food, 40% is parking lots or development; 7% is destroyed from human-fires
question
why does npp diminish with increasing tropic levels
answer
At each trophic level, most of the energy that is consumed is lost to cellular respiration and ultimately heat, metabolism, or other maintenance activities, which leaves only a small percentage of energy for biomass production (growth and reproduction).
question
true or false plants create energy so that animals will have food
answer
This statement is incorrect for two reasons: (1) according to the first law of thermodynamics, plants cannot create energy—rather, they transform light energy into chemical potential energy; (2) it is common for humans to apply our goal-oriented perspective to other organisms, but plants do not act purposefully to help other organisms
question
humus
answer
completely decayed detrius
question
soil organic matter
answer
complex mixture of partially and completely decomposed detritus
question
what factors control the rate of nutrient cycling
answer
1. abiotic factors (oxygen, temperature, precipitation)
2. the quality of detritus as a nutrient source for fungi and accomplish decomposition
3. abundance and diversity of detritovores present
question
boreal forest or tropical wet forest has more detritus and organic matter?why?
answer
boeal forests limit the metabolic rate of decomposers, so decomposition and cycling is slow; and rapid in tropical forests
question
why are tropical farms unsuccessful?
answer
In the tropics, nutrients cycle rapidly through forests, meaning that most of the nutrients are tied up in biomass rather than slowly decomposing in the soil. When the trees of tropical rain forests are hauled away, the nutrients are exported from the site, leaving only poor soil to nourish the crops.
question
what ways can a nutrient exported to other ecosystems
answer
-carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere, which is shared
-herbivore can poop plants in another ecosystem
-water or wind can transport any nutrients and drop it off anywhere
question
farming, logging how does it accelerate nutrient export?
answer
remove biomass in the form of plants
question
burning how does it accelerate nutrient export?
answer
releases nutrients into the atmosphere
question
soil erosion how does it accelerate nutrient export?
answer
moves nutrients that bound to soil or dissolved in water, creates runoff
question
what 4 ways are nutrients replaced
answer
1. ions when rocks are weathered
2. arrive in streams or blown in
3. carbon is added when producers fix carbon via photosynthesis
4. nitrogen added when bacteria convert N2 to usable Nitrogen in ammonium or nitrate ions
question
What compounds to nitrogen fixing bacteria put it in from N2?
answer
NH4+ and NO3
question
watersheds
answer
areas drained by a single stream
question
are their more nutrients where there is vegetation or none?
answer
none, but it was never constant because plant roots couldnt stop it for washing away again
question
4 main questions of biogeochemical cycles
answer
1. nature & size of reservoirs?
2. how fast do they move inbetween and what process move them?
3. how do humans affect the movement?
4. how do biogeochemical cycles cross?
question
carbon cycles 4 awnsers
answer
1. the reservoir is the biomass of living organisms, sediments and soils and buried fossil fuels
2.the global photosynthetic rate
3. when fossil fuels are burned, the carbon buried in oil/coal is moved in the air as CO2
4. scientists are trying to research how the nitrogen cycle affects the carbon cycle
question
over the ocean which has a higher net gain of water, the ocean or the atmosphere
answer
the atmosphere; more air evaporates than it precipitates into the ocean
question
over the land which has a higher net gain of water, the land or the atmosphere
answer
the land; more water precipitates that evaporates
question
aquifers
answer
layers of porus rock, sand, or gravel saturated with water
question
closed/contained aquifer
answer
take thousands of years to recharge, covered in nonporous rock
question
open/uncontained aquifer
answer
they can be recharged by water percolating down from the surface
question
global nitrogen cycle
answer
the atmosphere has 78% of nitrogen the soil has fixed versions of it, given back to the atmosphere through excreting bacteria
question
how is nitrogen cycle affected by humans?
answer
cultivating crops with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, industrially producing fertilizers which makes that bacteria less needed, and burning fossil fuels which have nitric oxide
question
nitrogen based run off causes overfertilization of algal blooms in aquatic systems
answer
eutropification
question
effect of eutropification, when algae are killed and decoposed by microbes
answer
dead zones, where there is no oxygen production in water
question
why is burning fossil fuels bad?
answer
it releases carbons that have been purposefully contained in reservoirs for millions of years, which is more than our depleting trees can handle
question
_ is the foundation of ecosystems because it represents the energy, in the form of biomass, available for consumption by other organisms.
answer
NPP
question
global warming
answer
increase of the average temperature of the planet
question
global climate change
answer
sum of all the changes inn temperature and precipitation patterns that result from global warning- storms, droughts, etc.
question
weather
answer
short term temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind
question
climate
answer
long-term average pattern of regional or global whether
question
in san fran if the weather is foggy and cool on the coast but sunny and warm inland, is their climate the same?
answer
yes
question
greenhouse gas
answer
traps heat that has been radiated from earth and keeps it from being lost to space
question
types of greenhouse gasses
answer
n2o methane (ch4) and co2
question
why are atmospheric CO2 concentrations low in the northern hemisphere in summer and high in winter?
answer
Photosynthesis increases in summer in the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.
question
what will climate change do to affect AVERAGE temperature?
answer
temperature extremes will increase (severe droughts and freezes)
question
what will climate change do to affect water cycle?
answer
reduced soil moisture, which reduces freshwater reservoirs, melting ice caps affects ocean currents and clouds
question
positive feedback in global warming
answer
high temperatures cause fires, which release CO2. tundra decomposes faster when its hot, so CO2 releasing faster than it should. more CO2 triggers more CH4 and N2O to release in soil microbes. Melting ice makes more open water, which absorbs more sun than ice, making it hotter there.
question
negative feedback in global warming
answer
when more climate change affects occur, CO2 will be more sequestered and attempted to be reduced.
question
biological effects of climate change
answer
geographic range shifts, pheneology shits, evolutionary adaption, extinction, acidification (oceans get more acidic with CO2 absorption)
question
ocean acidicfication due to climate change
answer
ocean does 1/3 of the CO2 but reacts with water to form H2CO3 which turns into HCO3-, carbonic acid.
question
what happens to the pH of a glass of water when u low water of it through a straw
answer
The pH of the water will decrease (acidity will increase) because CO2 from your breath reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
question
NPP affect from global climate change
answer
its increasing in some places, but its decreasing where it matters. the biggest sink is the southern hemisphere and its loosing the most and becoming more of a source than a sink
question
NPP ocean change?
answer
NPP is decreasing in the oceans because the density gradient became too steep, nutrient-rich water is not brought by currents anymore
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