Ch 55 Mastering Biology Questions

_____ are secondary consumers. A) Producers B)Herbivores C) Plants D) Cows E) Carnivores

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. A) 0-5 B) 5-10 C) 10-15 D) 15-20 E) 90-100

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. 1,000 100 10 1 0

Which of the following statements about energy flow are true? Select the four statements that are true. View Available Hint(s) A) Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature. B) Autotrophs typically capture about 90% of the available energy from the sun through photosynthesis. C) If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. D) In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy. E) Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels. F) Energy spent on cellular respiration is available to higher trophic levels. G) Energy contained in feces is available to higher trophic levels.

What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere? A) burning B) predation C) photosynthesis D) predation and photosynthesis E) decomposition

Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere? A) logging trees B) rabbits C) burning fossil fuels, such as oil D) bobcats E) algae

Detritus is composed of _____. A) detritivores B) dead organic matter C) in organic minerals D) excreted wastes E) dead organic matter and excreted wastes

Which of the following statements about the movement of nutrients through an ecosystem is true? A) A biogeochemical cycle is the path that an element takes as it moves from organism to organism. B) Nutrients in the soil can be eaten and used directly by animals. C) Carbon cycles between the atmosphere and living biomass. D) An organism transfers only its energy to the organism that eats it.

True or false? Local biogeochemical cycles are isolated within their particular ecosystem and all ions and molecules remain in that ecosystem permanently. True/False

Which area is not one of the three major reservoirs of the global carbon cycle? A) Atmosphere B) Sedimentary rock C) Oceans D)Terrestrial ecosystems

True or false? In the global carbon cycle, rivers link the terrestrial and marine reservoirs of carbon, whereas carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean is achieved by active transport. True/False

How does carbon move from the biota to the atmosphere? A) Carbon is incorporated into sedimentary rocks. B) Carbon dioxide diffuses into the atmosphere. C) Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration. D) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis.

How have humans altered the global carbon cycle? A) The amount of photosynthesis has increased. B) Deforestation has decreased carbon levels in the atmosphere. C) Carbon inputs into the atmosphere have risen. D)The burning of fossil fuels removes carbon from the global carbon cycle.

How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? A) They prevent the oceans from absorbing shorter wavelengths of light. B) They prevent infrared light from leaving Earth's atmosphere. C)They block solar energy from reaching Earth's atmosphere. D)They allow excess radiant light to leave Earth's atmosphere.

In a biogeochemical cycle, a chemical element spends time in different places, called .

2. As a chemical element moves through a biogeochemical cycle, it moves between "bio" and "geo." The "bio" in biogeochemical refers to biotic reservoirs, or

3. The "geo" in biogeochemical refers to _________--specifically, to the abiotic reservoirs where a chemical element can be found.

4. In the terrestrial carbon cycle, the abiotic reservoir from which living organisms directly obtain their carbon is ______ _______________

5. Carbon moves from an abiotic reservoir to living organisms during the process of .

6. Carbon moves from living organisms to an abiotic reservoir during the process of

'Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? A) replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy B)using more electrical appliances and cars C) burning vegetation to clear land for agriculture D)cutting down forests to build houses E)limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose F)choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work

The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____. A)minerals in the soil B)the sun C)heat from Earth D)respiration E) decomposition

On a global scale, energy _____ ecosystems whereas chemical elements _____ ecosystems. A) is biologically magnified in ... are recycled in B)is dissipated in ... flow through C) flows through ... are recycled in D) is continuously supplied to ... are continuously removed from E) is recycled in ... flow through

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? A)carnivores B)heterotrophs C)herbivores D) primary consumers

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, _____. A) producers and decomposers D) producers C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers producers, D) primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers

Which of the following organisms is INCORRECTLY paired with its trophic level? A) fungus - detritivore B) cyanobacterium - primary producer C) zooplankton - primary producer D) grasshopper - primary consumer

The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that _____. A) biomass is the rate of primary productivity B) biomass is the inverse of primary productivity C) biomass is the natural log of primary productivity D) primary productivity is the inverse of biomass E)primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

Why is a diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level shaped like a pyramid? A) Organisms at each level store most of the energy and pass little on. B) There are more producers than primary consumers, and so on. C) Organisms eventually die. D)Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next. E)Secondary consumers are larger than primary consumers, and so on.

Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2500 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl? 40% 0.02% 4% 0.2%

How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. B) Predators have relatively large population sizes. C) Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites. D) Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels.

Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore? A) Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity. B) Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption. C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores. D) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. C) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. D) Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is not converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. C) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. D) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation.

Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? 0.01% 1% 10% 0.1%

f the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be true? A) Seal populations are larger than fish populations. B) Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat. C) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can. D) The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals.

A porcupine eats 3000 J of plant material. Of this, 2100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal? 10% 3% 33% 0.03%

Which of these provides your body with energy? minerals fats oxygen vitamins light

Plants use _____ as a source of energy. minerals fats oxygen vitamins light

What element is found in all organic compounds? carbon oxygen helium iron nitrogen

Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules? glucose oxygen water starch carbon dioxide

Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules? minerals glucose vitamins light water

Which of these is NOT an organic molecule? carbohydrates minerals proteins glucose lipids