APUSH Progressive Era- Federal Reserve Act

1895-1920; period characterized by dynamic political leaders (Roosevelt/Wilson) and emergence from war and economic depression. Sense of renewal served to intensify anxiety over social/political problems and raise hopes they could be fixed and democracy could be reconciled with capitalism.

journalists who fed public taste for scandal and sensation by exposing social, economic, and political wrongs

advocated by progressives to replace partisan caucuses; voters could nominate candidates directly

permitted voters to propose new laws

enabled voters to accept or reject a law

allowed voters to remove offending officials/judges from office before their term expired

championed ideology as opponents to progressivism that government interference in the free market contradicts natural law of survival of the fittest; progress will only result from maintaining profit incentive

as WI governor he initiated reform program including direct primaries, more equitable taxes, and regulation of RR rates; later became senator and approached reform scientifically while still exciting public interest; wanted to drive corporations out of politics

urban middle class worked towards many of same goals as north and are especially successful in political reform; although tainted by racism, south was important in movement: 17th amendment, direct primaries in all but 3 states

provided for direct election of US senators (previously by state legislatures); state legislatures thought by progressivists to be corrupt

outlawed manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors; seen as expression of progressive goal to protect family and workplace through reform

uniquely American; Dewey: learning should focus on real-life problems and children should be taught to use their intelligence and ingenuity as instruments for controlling their environments

progressive lawyers argued that law should be flexible enough to reflect needs of society; judged imbued with laissez-faire theories opposed this view

study of society and its institutions; in progressive era: citizens should actively plan to cure social ills rather than passively waiting for problems to solve themselves

"WWJD"; belief that one could counter the brutality of capitalism by applying Christian principles toward worldly matters

belief that human character and habits could be inherited so society had an obligation to prevent reproduction of "inferior" people--immigrants, ethnics, etc.--led to sterilization and restricting immigration

encouraged african americans to accommodate themselves to whites, at least temporarily, to prove their cause; some blacks (esp. educated northerners) thought he favored a degrading second class citizenship

opposed Washington and believed a select group of african americans should use their skill to pursue racial equality; formed NAACP

"anti-Bookerites" pledged militant pursuit of rights such as unrestricted voting, economic opportunity, integration, and equality before law

aimed to end racial discrimination and obtain voting rights by pursuing legal redress in the courts

middle class women striving to move beyond household into social welfare activities, higher education, and paid labor

participants explicitly conscious of their identity as women; emphasized rights and self development; contradiction of unity of women vs. no sex-typing theories

emphasized "sex rights" of women and advocated strongly for birth control movement; American birth control league = modern day planned parenthood

Blatch believed all women contributed to society's betterment; need to vote to promote women's economic roles: NAWSA- Carrie Chapman Catt and NWP- Alice Paul

women who heightened public awareness and fought for women's suffrage in respective groups: NAWSA and NWP

national suffrage; gave women the right to vote

believed government should direct national affairs, should economically decide when big business is bad or good, and believed in white superiority and in conservation over preservation

(Roosevelt) supreme court ordered breakup of JP Morgan's N. Securities Co. (railroad); success of policy to judge trust on case by case basis

gave ICC more authority to set railroad freight/storage rates but also gave court the power to overturn rate decisions (tradeoff)

Upton Sinclair; fictional novel that exposed corrupt meatpacking industry; led to regulatory measures

(Roosevelt- 1906) reinforced gov. regulation of meat production as fueled by "the jungle"

(Roosevelt- 1906) prohibited dangerous foods and also addressed abuses in medicine industry

chief forester of US Forest Service who advocated scientific management of the nation's woodlands to protect land/water from overuse by timber cutters, farmers, herders

sympathetic to reform, prosecuted trusts, believed in strict restraint of the law; during presidency the progressive and conservative wings of Republican party drifted apart

legalized federal income tax; will allow for Underwood Tariff

Roosevelt's supporters (progressives) created as third party in election against dem. Wilson and socialist Debs; campaign = most thorough evaluation of American system since 1896

progressive president known more for direction of country during WWI; expanded government's regulatory powers over business and banking

Roosevelt; an era of national unity in which government would coordinate and regulate economic activity

Wilson; concentrated economic power threatened individual liberty and monopolies had to be broken up so marketplace could become genuinely open

corrected deficiencies of Sherman anti-trust act by outlawing monopolistic practices and interlocking directorates

investigated companies and issued cease-and-desist orders against unfair trade practices; could be appealed in court, but still a step toward consumer protection

created 12 district banks that would lend $ at discount rates (could increase/decrease amt. of $ in circulation); loosen/tighten credit with nation's needs; first central banking system since 1836