Apush Chapter 21

A reform movement that developed to include a wide range of groups and individuals with a common desire to improve life in the industrial age. They wanted to build on existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through govt action.

An idea developed by William James and John Dewey that argued that the "good" and "true" could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals. They said that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge.

A co-developer of the idea of pragmatism.

A leading American advocated of the philosophy of pragmatism.

The man who developed the system of scientific management.

A way of organizing people in the most efficient manner.

Writers specializing in the composing of stories that handled underhanded schemes in politics.

One of the earliest muckrakers who wrote a series of articles in 1881 for the Atlantic monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads.

A company attacked by many muckrakers, especially Henry Demarest Lloyd for its corruption and greed in the oil industry.

Another muckraker who wrote Tweed Days in St. Louis, 1902.

Yet another muckraker who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company which was published in McClure's Magazine in 1902.

One of the first photojournalists who wrote articles on tenement life.

A muckraker author who wrote two novels, The Financier and The Titan.

Developed in 1888 and first adopted by the state of Massachusetts, it was the system of requiring voters to place votes on ballots printed by the states and filling in and submitting them in curtained booths.

The method for nominating party candidates by majority vote. Developed by the Progressive Governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette.

The Progressive Governor of Wisconsin who developed the Direct Primary Method.

A Progressive reform that allowed voters to directly elect US senators. This amendment required that all US senators be elected by popular vote.

A method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill; a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots; enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired.

A series of reform movements to improve urban life in the progressive era: included lobbying for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories.

A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

The republican mayor elected in 1897 that introduced a comprehensive program of municipal reform.

An Ohioan who devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland.

A reform governor who battled fraudulent insurance companies.

A reform governor who successfully fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad in California.

The youngest president in US history and also the most athletic; Roosevelt developed the idea of a "Square Deal" for both business and labour, instead of favoring one or the other in economic crises.

A strike that involved miners, and that endangered Americans...without coal they would freeze to death! Roosevelt handled it by bringing the mine owners and a union leader to the white house to settle the issue. After threatening to overtake the mines with military power, the mine owners agreed to a 10% wage raise and 9 hour days for the miners, but not union recognition.

Roosevelt was the first president since the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to enforce the poorly written law...he used this to "bust" trusts such as the Northern Securities Company and the Standard Oil Company.

Under this Act passed by Congress under Roosevelt, the ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers.

Passed in 1906, this act allowed the commission to fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

A muckraking author who wrote the muckraking book that described in horrifying detail the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meat packing industry.

Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs. (advocated for after the publication of Sinclair's novel The Jungle.)

Provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation.

Roosevelt was a strong supporter of this, and made three acts to ensure it. 1) He made repeated use of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a natl reserve that could not be sold to private interests. 2) He won passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act. 3) He publicized the need for conservation by hosting a White House conference on the subject.

A law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in the western states.

Following the conservation conference, this man established the National Conservation Commission and was appointed to be the first director of the US Forest Service.

After serving as secretary of war under Roosevelt, he succeeded him as president..

This act gave the ICC the power to suspend new RR rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies.

This amendment was ratified by the states in 1913 and it authorized the US govt to collect an income tax. (heavily supported by the Progressives, as in the beginning it only applied to the very wealthy.)

A tariff passed in 1909 which raised the tariff on most imports; this was allowed by Taft, who had said before that he would lower the tariff rates.

Congress' leading conservative who was the speaker of the house...he was known for his dictatorial powers.

This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

One of the founders of the socialist party who was the party's candidate for president in five elections. He was an outspoken critic of business and a champion of labour.

The party formed by Progressive Republicans who nominated Roosevelt for president again.

Called for by Roosevelt, it involved more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, and more social welfare programs.

Wilson's platform...it was supposed to limit both big business and big govt, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business.

Proposed by Wilson and passed in 1913, this act substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years.

An act passed in 1914 that legalized a US financial system that involved 12 federally operated district banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board.

The Board that would supervise and operate the twelve federal banks put in service under the Federal Reserve Act of 1914.

This act greatly strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies.

The new regulatory agency that was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation.

In 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established under this Act to provide farm loans at low interest rates.

Between 1910 and 1930 when about a million people moved north to seek jobs in the city. Motivating factors to leave the south were: deteriorating race relations, destruction of their cotton crops by boll weevil, and job opportunities in northern factories that opened up while white workers were drafted in WW1.

A movement developed by a group of black intellectuals to protest and act to secure equal rights for blacks.

One of the most influential African Americans at the turn of the century who was the head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He argued that blacks' needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance, and that they should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages.

A northern African American who had a college education, he became a distinguished scholar and writer. He criticized Washington's approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans. He argued that political and social rights were prerequisite for economic independence.

Founded by Du Bois along with other members of the Niagara Movement in 1908 on Washington's birthday; the mission of the association was to no less than abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children.

Another organization formed in 1911 to help those migrating from South to the northern cities.

An energetic reformer from Iowa who became the new president of the NAWSA in 1900. She argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society.

An association for women that argued for the right to vote!

The founder of the National Women's party, she took a more militant approach to gaining the right to vote. She led women in mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt of women's suffrage.

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Ratified in 1920, this amendment guaranteed women the right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels.

A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues.