APUSH Chapter 15

23 August 2022
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Freedmen's Bureau
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Agency of the army directed by Oliver O. Howard. Distributed food to slaves, established schools, staffed by missionaries and teachers sent by Freedmen's Aid Societies and other private church groups in the North. Not a permanent solution.
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Oliver O. Howard
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Leader of the Freedmen's Bureau
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Freedmen's Aid Societies
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Provided teachers and missionaries for schools set up by the Freedmen's Bureau
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Radical Republicans
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Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. Wanted to disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, protect black civil rights, confiscate the property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy, and distribute the land among the freedmen.
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Thaddeus Stevens
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Led the Radical Republicans with Charles Sumner. He was from Pennsylvania.
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Charles Sumner
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Led the Radical Republicans with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts.
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Abraham Lincoln
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16th president of the United States. Favored a lenient Reconstruction policy, believing that Southern Unionists could become the nucleus of new, loyal state governments in the South.Proposed extending suffrage to African Americans who were educated, owned property, or had served in the Union Army.
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Wade-Davis Bill
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Created by Radical Republicans who were angered by Lincoln's mildness towards the issues at hand. Called for the president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered state. Passed by Congress in 1864, but pocket vetoed by Lincoln.
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Ford's Theater
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Lincoln and his wife attended a play here on April 14, 1865. Located in Washington DC. Shot in the head here by John Wilkes Booth.
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John Wilkes Booth
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Actor who was committed to the Southern Cause. He entered Lincoln's presidential box in Ford's Theater and shot Lincoln in the head from behind him.
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William Seward
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Shot by an associate of John Wilkes Booth on the same night that Lincoln was shot. He was Secretary of State at the time
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Andrew Johnson
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Vice President at the time that Lincoln died, but became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Offered some form of amnesty to Southerners if they took the oath of allegiance. Appointed a provisional governor in each state and had governors appoint delegates to form a constitutional convention.
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Restoration
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Johnson's idea of reconstruction. Gave amnesty to Southerners who took the oath of allegiance. Involved a constitutional convention.
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Congressional Reconstruction
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Also known as "Radical" Reconstruction. It began when congress reconvened in December 1865. Congress refused to seat the representatives of the "restored" states and created a new Joint Committee on Reconstruction to create its own policy
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Black Codes
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Created in 1865 and 1866 by state legislatures in the South. Allowed local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fine. Some of these limited Blacks to taking only jobs that were previously done by slaves.
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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Congress passed this in April 1866 and it declared blacks to be citizens of the United States and gave the federal government power to intervene in state affairs to protect the right of citizens. Johnson vetoed this bill but congress overrode him.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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Proposed by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction in April 1866 and was approved by congress in early summer. Offered first constitutional definition of American Citizenship. Imposed penalties on states that denied suffrage to any adult male inhabitants. Also, prohibited former members of congress or other federal officials who aided the confederacy from holding office unless 2/3 of congress voted to pardon them.
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Fifteenth Amendment
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Forbade the states and the federal government to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Ratification by the states was completed in 1870
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Tenure of Office Act
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Passed in 1867 by congressional Republican who wanted to stop Johnson from interfering with their plans. This forbade the president to remove civil officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the consent of the Senate. Main job was to protect the job of Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, who was cooperating with the Radicals.
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Edwin M. Stanton
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Secretary of War who was cooperating with the Radicals. The Tenure of Office Act protected his job.
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Command of the Army Act
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Passed in 1867. Prohibited the President from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army (general Grant), who could not be relieved or assigned elsewhere without the consent of the Senate.
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Ex parte Milligan
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Supreme court case in 1866 that declared that military tribunals were unconstitutional in places where civil courts were functioning.
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Impeachment
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When a president gets voted out of office by congress. Johnson was on trial for this but congress did not get the 2/3 majority to end his term.
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Scalawags
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Derogatory term given to Southern white Republicans by Critics. Alongside "carpetbaggers". Mostly former Whigs who had never felt comfortable in the Democratic Party or farmers who lived in remote areas where there had been little or no slavery.
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Carpetbaggers
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Derogatory term given to Southern white Republicans by Critics. Alongside "scalawags". Mostly white men from the North who were usually veterans of the Union army who looked on the South as a more promising frontier than the West and had settled there at war's end as hopeful planters , businessmen, or professionals.
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sharecropping
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Most farmers worked their own plots of land and paid their landlords either a fixed rent or a share of their crop.
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crop-lien system
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No stable banking system which created a series of merchant stores. Southern farmers relied on the merchant stores for loans and had to give the merchants a lien (claim) on their crops as collateral for the loan.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Ran for office in 1868 as a Republican because he believed that the they were more popular in the North. Won presidency and started off not so great.
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Hamilton Fish
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Chosen by Grant to be the Vice President during Grant's Presidency.
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Liberal Republicans
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Members of a substantial faction of the Republican party. Opposed "Grantism". Nominated Horace Greeley for President in 1872, in hope that he would win and Grant would no longer be President.
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Grantism
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Ulysses S. Grant's policies during his Presidency. This name was created by the Liberal Republicans.
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Horace Greeley
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President Candidate from the Liberal Republican party in 1872. Ran against Grant and lost. He was also a veteran editor and publisher of the New York Tribune. Also nominated by the Democrats.
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Credit Mobilier
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French construction company that helped to build the Union Pacific Railroad. The heads of this company had used their positions to steer large fraudulent contracts to their company. To prevent an investigation, the company gave some of its stock to members of Congress. Schuyler Colfax was found to be one of those members.
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Schuyler Colfax
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Second Vice President to Grant, after Hamilton Fish. One of the members of Congress found to have stocks from Credit Mobilier.
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The Whiskey Ring
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Officials and a group of distillers were cheating the government out of taxes by filing false reports.
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William Belknap
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Secretary of War found to have accepted bribes to retain an Indian-post trader in office (Indian Ring).
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Indian Ring
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When Secretary of War, William Belknap, accepted bribes to retain an Indian-post trader in office.
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Panic of 1873
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Began with the failure of a leading investment banking firm, Jay Cooke and Company. Worst Panic yet.
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Jay Cooke and Company
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Leading investment banking firm that had invested too heavily in postwar railroad building and began the Panic of 1873.
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Greenbacks
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Debtors pressured the government to redeem federal war bonds with these, which would increase the amount of money in circulation.
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Specie Resumption Act
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Passed in 1875 by Republican leaders in Congress. Provided that after January 1, 1879, greenback dollars would be redeemed by the government and replaced with new certificates, firmly pegged to the price of gold. Good for creditors but bad for debtors.
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National Greenback Party
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Formed in 1875 by "Greenbackers". Failed to gain widespread support.
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Seward's Folly
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When Secretary of State William H. Seward accepted a Russian offer to buy Alaska for $7.2 million.
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Alabama Claims
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Hamilton Fish's first major challenge. American demands that England pay for the damage the vessels ,that were created in English shipyards for the Confederacy, had caused.
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Ku Klux Klan
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Secret Society that used terrorism to frighten or physically bar blacks from voting.
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Enforcement Acts
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Republican Congress responded to the wave of repression with these. Prohibited states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the national government the authority to prosecute crimes by individuals under federal law.
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Compromise of 1877
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Unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and ended congressional reconstruction.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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Three time governor of Ohio and a champion of civil service reform. Republican Candidate for the 1876 U.S. Presidential elections. Ran against Samual Tilden and won by the Compromise of 1877
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Samuel Tilden
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Democrat Candidate for the 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Ran against Rutherford B. Hayes and lost due to the Compromise of 1877. He was instrumental in overthrowing the Tweed Ring.
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Tweed Ring
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Scandal with Tammany Hall. Ended by Samuel Tilden.
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Tammany Hall
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New York political machine. Scandal involving Tweed Ring.
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David Davis
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Only independent in the Court delegation of the U.S. Senate. He was a justice of the Supreme Court. When he was elected for the Senate, he resigned and his seat went to a Republican justice.
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The "New South"
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The change in the South after the Compromise of 1877.
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Redeemers
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members of the powerful, conservative oligarchy that took control over the South after the Compromise of 1877. Also known as Bourbons
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Bourbons
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Members of the powerful, conservative oligarchy that took control over the South after the Compromise of 1877. Also known as Redeemers.
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Home Rule
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When the South was taken over by their own form of government. A powerful, conservative oligarchy.
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Henry Grady
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Editor of the Atlanta Constitution that challenged white supremacy. He did promote the virtues of thrift, industry, and progress.
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Booker T. Washington
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Chief spokesman for commitment to education. Founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Born into Slavery.
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Tuskegee Institute
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Founded and led by Booker T. Washington. In Alabama.
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Atlanta Compromise
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Controversial philosophy outlined by Booker T. Washington in a speech in Georgia in 1895. Said that Blacks should forgo agitation for political rights and concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality.
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Plessy V. Ferguson
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Supreme Court case that validated state legislation that institutionalized the separation of races. Court held that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if the accommodations were equal. 1896
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Cumming V. County Board of Education
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Court ruled that communities could establish schools for whites only, even if there were no comparable schools for blacks. 1899
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws restricting the franchise and segregating of schools were only part of a network of state and local statutes.
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Lynching
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Hanging people. Usually occurred with the hanging of black people by white mobs. Happened frequently in the South during the time of the Jim Crow Laws.
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Ida B. Wells
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A committed black journalist who launched what became an international anti-lynching movement with a series of impassioned articles after the lynching of three of her friends in Memphis, Tennessee. Happened in 1892.