A&P II Ch 22 HW

25 July 2022
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question
Once released, renin functions to enzymatically split (cleave) circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Where is angiotensinogen made?
answer
In the Liver. This is a precursor protein for a hormone called angiotensin I. Renin catalyzes a reaction that converts the angiotensinogen (in the liver) protein into angiotensin I, which is a precursor hormone that is converted to an active hormone called angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs.
question
During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes. air moves up the trachea. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
answer
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
question
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Nose Alveoli
answer
Alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are where oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.
question
Which statement is correct? Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.
answer
When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.
question
After blood becomes oxygenated, it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
answer
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
question
Hemoglobin is the site of cellular respiration. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. has five subunits. is found in blood plasma.
answer
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
question
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? intrapulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure
answer
Intrapleural pressure is created as the lungs attempt to shrink away from the thoracic wall. This negative pressure, as well as the adherence due to moisture, is what keeps the lungs from collapsing.
question
______________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
answer
Transpulmonary
question
According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? 2400 milliliters 3600 milliliters 4800 milliliters 6000 milliliters
answer
4800. The total volume of exchangeable air (vital capacity) for a normal male is the amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after a forced exhalation and, in this case, is 4800 milliliters.
question
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
answer
The inspiratory capacity, which is the total amount of air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal relaxed exhalation, is equal to the tidal volume (TV) plus inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
question
Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation? A person with a FEV1 below 80% has a restrictive disorder. A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder. A person with a decreased FVC and FEV1 has an obstructive disorder. A person with decreased FVC and increased FEV1 has an obstructive disorder.
answer
A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder. Restrictive diseases, such as tuberculosis, decrease FVC but do not affect flow, so FEV1 stays the same.
question
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood? increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already a decrease in blood temperature a drop in blood pH decreases in plasma carbon dioxide
answer
A drop in blood pH. The pH in blood tends to drop when plasma reacts with carbon dioxide, a common condition in tissue. This pH drop causes weakening of the Hb-O2 bond, a phenomenon called the Bohr effect.
question
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport? chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
answer
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. Carbon dioxide reacts with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. About 70% of carbon dioxide travels in the plasma as bicarbonate.
question
Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure? Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate. Chloride binds bicarbonate and allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream. Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide. Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it.
answer
The outflow of negative bicarbonate ions from RBCs is balanced by the inflow of chloride ions.
question
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? temperature blood pH partial pressure of oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide
answer
Partial pressure of oxygen influences the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin.
question
What is the primary form in which oxygen is carried in blood? dissolved in plasma as carbonic acid in plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as a bicarbonate ion in plasma 98% of O2 is transported by hemoglobin.
answer
chemically bound to hemoglobin. 98% of O2 is transported by hemoglobin.