Which of the following is NOT a faction of blood?
A) transportation of nutrients
B) Regulation of blood pH
C) Protection against infectious disease
D) Transportation of heat
E) Production of oxygen
answer
E) Production of Oxygen
question
The normal average temperature of blood is around
answer
100.4 degrees F
question
The normal pH range for blood is
answer
7.35 - 7.45
question
Which of the following is NOT a common component of circulating blood?
A) blood plasma
B) formed elements
C) hemocytoblasts
D) platelets
E) white blood cells
answer
Hemocytoblasts
question
The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by
answer
RBCs
question
What percentage of blood plasma is water?
answer
91.5%
question
Which of the following plasms protein plays a role in disease resistance?
A) albumin
B) globulins
C) fibrinogen
D) myoglobin
E) hemoglobin
answer
Globulins
question
Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?
A) albumin
B) globulins
C) fibrinogen
D) prostaglandins
E) none of these choices
answer
fibrinogen
question
Which the formed elements of the blood develop is called
answer
homopoiesis
question
A megakaryoblast will develop into
answer
a platelet
question
During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into
answer
proerythroblasts
question
Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?
A) erythropoietin (EPO)
B) thrombopoietin (TPO)
C) human growth hormone (hGH)
D) calcitonin (CT)
E) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
answer
erythropoietin (EPO)
question
Approximately, how many hemoglobin molecules are found in each RBC?
answer
280 million
question
Ferritin is a protein used to
answer
store iron in the liver
question
The major function of red blood cells is
answer
gas transport
question
Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a
answer
riticulocyte
question
Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte?
A) neutrophil
B) platelet
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) erythrocyte
answer
neutrophil
question
Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
A) erythrocyte
B) platelet
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) neutrophil
answer
platelet
question
Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?
A) eosinophil
B) monocyte
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) neutrophil
answer
basophil
question
Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasitic worms?
A) eosinophil
B) monocyte
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) neutrophil
answer
eosinophil
question
Which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?
A) eosinophil
B) monocyte
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) platelet
answer
lymphocyte
question
Which of the following cells is not an agranular leukocyte?
A.Monocytes
B.Macrophage
C.Lymphocyte
D.Basophil
E.All of these choices
answer
basophil
question
The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called
answer
emigration
question
Which of the following chemical substances are NOT commonly released by mast cells?
A.Heparin
B.Histamine
C.Nitric oxide
D.Proteases
E.All of these choices
answer
nitric oxide
question
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?
A.Erythropoietin
B.Thrombopoietin
C.Nitric oxide
D.Human growth hormone
E.Heparin
answer
thrombopoietin
question
Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?
A.vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia
B.hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation
C.emigration, clotting, hemolysis
D.vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
E.anemia, hemogenesis, platelet plug formation
answer
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
question
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of
answer
prothrombinase
question
Which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?
answer
Factor XIII
question
Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?
A.Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative
B.Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive
C.Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative
D.Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive.
answer
Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive
question
Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?
A.Heparin
B.Fibrinogen
C.Plasmin
D.Antithrombin
E.Prostacyclin
answer
Prostacyclin
question
Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?
A.Heparin
B.Fibrinogen
C.Thromboxane A2
D.Prostacyclin
E.Plasmin
answer
Heparin
question
Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?
A.anti-A
B.anti-B
C.anti-A and anti-B
D.No antibodies to ABO blood group antigens
E.Not enough information to answer
answer
No antibodies to ABO blood group antigens
question
What blood type is a person if their plasma contains only anti-A agglutinin?
answer
B
question
List and briefly describe the major functions of blood.
answer
1) Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones and heat; 2) Regulation of pH via buffers, body temperature via properties of water in plasma, and water balance via osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins; 3)Protection via clotting, antibodies, phagocytosis, and complement.
question
Describe the negative feedback loop that controls the rate of erythropoiesis. Under what circumstances would you expect the rate of erythropoiesis to increase? How would it be possible to tell if the rate of erythropoiesis is elevated?
answer
Hypoxia in the kidney leads to secretion of erythropoietin, which targets proerythroblasts in red bone marrow to mature into reticulocytes, which enter circulation to become red blood cells thus increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Tissue hypoxia is induced by any form of anemia (reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), or when oxygen levels in the external environment are low (e.g., high altitudes). High levels of reticulocytes in the circulation are a strong indicator of increased erythropoiesis.
question
Explain the proposed role of hemoglobin in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure.
answer
he gaseous hormone nitric oxide (NO), produced by the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, binds to hemoglobin. Under some circumstances, hemoglobin releases NO. The released NO causes vasodilation, an increase in blood vessel diameter that occurs when the smooth muscle in the vessel wall relaxes. Vasodilation improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery to cells near the site of NO release.
question
Why does damaged endothelium present an increased risk of blood clotting?
answer
Blood may come in contact with collagen in the surrounding basal lamina, which activates clotting factor XII, which ultimately leads to the formation of fibrin clots. Platelets also adhere to collagen exposed by damage to the endothelium and begin their release reaction
question
Which of the following precursor cells eventually give rise to neutrophils?
A.Megakaryoblast
B.Proerythroblast
C.T lymphoblast
D.Monoblast
E.Myeloblast
answer
myeloblast
question
Which of the following precursor cells eventually give rise to the platelets?
A.Megakaryoblast
B.Proerythroblast
C.T lymphoblast
D.Monoblast
E.Myeloblast
answer
megakaryoblast
question
Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?
A.Platelets
B.Erythrocytes
C.T lymphocytes
D.Monocytes
E.Basophils
answer
Erythrocytes
question
Which of the following precursor cells give rise to agranular leukocytes?
A.Proerythroblast
B.Megakaryoblast
C.Lymphoblast
D.Myeloblast
E.None of the selections are correct.
answer
Lymphoblast
question
Which of the following precursor cells give rise to granular leukocytes?
A.Proerythroblast
B.Megakaryoblast
C.Lymphoblast
D.Myeloblast
E.None of the selections are correct.
answer
Myeloblast
question
Serum is
A.the same as plasma.
B.plasma without the clotting factors.
C.the same as lymph.
D.formed during the first step in blood clotting.
E.pulmonary interstitial fluid.
answer
plasma without the clotting factors.
question
Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called
answer
pernicious anemia.
question
Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in
answer
aplastic anemia
question
A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called
answer
megaloblastic anemia.
question
Anemia is defined as
answer
a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.
question
List and briefly describe the three mechanisms used to reduce blood loss from a damaged blood vessel.
answer
1) Vascular spasm occurs when circularly arranged smooth muscles in arteriole walls contract to reduce blood loss. 2) Platelet plug formation starts when platelets making contact with collagen fibers from a damaged vessel. This will initiate a series of reactions, which leads to platelet activation and the release of their vesicular content that ultimately attracts more platelets to the area, eventually leading to the formation of a plug over the damaged area. 3) Blood clotting involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions following platelet plug formation. The clot enables the damaged vessel to heal and repair properly.
question
Stercobilin, a brown pigment that gives feces its characteristic color, and urobilin, a yellow pigment that gives urine its color, are both breakdown products of which of the following components of blood?
answer
heme
question
The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is
A.4 to 5 years.
B.4 to 5 hours.
C.5 to 9 days.
D.120 days.
E.120 weeks.
answer
120 days
question
Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and thromobocytes?
A.no nucleus
B.large segmented nucleus
C.cytoplasmic granules
D.lifespan of 5 to 9 days
E.develop from myeloblasts
F.more than one answer selection is correct
answer
no nucleus
question
Which of the following formed elements in blood are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?
A.erythrocytes
B.thrombocytes
C.monocytes
D.basophils
E.eosinophils
answer
thrombocytes
question
A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from
A.the spermatic cord of a donor's testes.
B.the spinal cord of the patient.
C.the umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth.
D.the irradiated bone marrow of the patient.
E.the spinal cord of an aborted fetus.
answer
the umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth
question
If type A blood is infused into a patient with type O blood, which of the following adverse reactions would you expect to observe in the patient?
A.Agglutination (clumping) of the transfused blood cells.
B.Complement-induced hemolysis of the transfused blood cells.
C.Released hemoglobin clogging the filtration membrane of the kidneys.
D.More than one of the answer selection is correct.
E.No adverse reactions would occur.
answer
More than one of the answer selection is correct.
question
Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?
A.AB negative
B.AB positive
C.O negative
D.O positive
E.None of the selections are correct
answer
AB negative
question
Which endocrine gland secretes hGH, TSH, FSH and other hormones?
answer
Anterior pituitary gland
question
Which endocrine gland secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
answer
thyroid gland
question
Which endocrine glad secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels?
answer
parathyroid gland
question
Which endocrine gland secretes steroid hormones in response to long-term stress?
answer
andrenal cortex
question
Which zone of the adrenal glad secretes aldosterone?
answer
zona glomerulosa
question
Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes androgens?
answer
zona reticularis
question
Where is glucagon secreted from?
answer
pancreas; Alpha cell
question
Where is samatostatin secreted from?
answer
pancreas; F cell
question
What hormone does the zona fasciculate secrete?
answer
cortisol
question
Describe the function of the zona fasciculate of the adrenal gland.
answer
enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose
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