How much money do invasive species cost the U.S. annually?
answer
Nearly 120 billion
question
Why is Florida being invaded?
answer
Climate similar to Neotropics
Disturbed landscapes
Most of Florida is an island habitat
Home of large exotic pet and plant
industries
Abundance of aquatic habitats
Port of Miami - receives 85% of invasive species that enter the U.S. annually
question
Alien
answer
a species that is not native to the continental United States; synonymous with "exotic"
ex) kangaroos exotic to NA
question
Adventive
answer
Species that's arrived in a new region by any means (intentional or unintentional)
question
Exotic
answer
-An organism or species that is not native to the continental United States; synonymous with "alien"
question
Established Species
answer
-A species with one or several reproducing, self-sustaining populations in open ecosystems
question
Risk Assessment
answer
-Determinies best screening protocols to prevent invasive species from being introduced into Florida
question
Immigration
answer
-The movement--including the unintentional introduction by humans--of an individual, group, or species into a geographical area, but having arrived by their own accord
Ex) seeds on clothes could unintentionally hitchhike on a plane from one destination to another. They would be considered immigrants because it wasnt like humans intentionally brought the seeds on the plane
question
Immigrants to FL
answer
Cattle Egrets
Love bugs
Citrus leaf miners
question
Two origins of species into a geographical area:
answer
Native (indigenous) and those that are non-native
question
2 types of native organisms:
answer
wide spread (found in various geographical areas with similar climates - native in more than one place in the world)
Presinctive - native and occurring only here
question
Importation
answer
-The act of bringing an organism from a foreign place or country into another country
question
Nonindigenous
answer
-A species or other viable biological material that is not native to an ecosystem or to a geographical region; includes exotic and transplanted species
question
Introduction
answer
-The intentional release (by humans) or escape of a nonindigenous species into a geographical region or into an ecosystem where it did not occur previously
question
Pathway
answer
-The means by which species are transported into a geographical region or into an ecosystem
question
In terms of percentage, how much significant pressure do invasive species in the U.S. put on threatened and endangered species?
answer
About 42%
question
How many adventive plants, animals, and microbes have appeared in the US w/in the last century?
answer
over 50 thousand
question
Three major ways fish are introduced in Fl
answer
-escape from fish farms
-release from commercial fishery
-disposal of unwanted aquarium fish
question
Pathways into Florida
answer
β’ Fish farms & nurseries
β’ Pet trade
β’ Tourists
β’ Ballast water
question
On average,. how many organisms become established in FL annually?
answer
About 10 a year
capable of causing economic and/or environmental harm
Examples:
low-bait lax gail (fish)
black spiny tailed iguana
pink hibiscus mealybug
chilli thrips
redbay ambrosia beetle
burmese python
question
How many plant and animal species entering florida have become established
answer
over 2200
many now naturalized and have invaded conservation lands and watereways
Stats on non-native species in Fl
How many non-native plant species:
answer
β’ > 1,000 plant species
~130 are invasive
question
How many non-native insect species in FL?
answer
β’ > 1,100 insect species
-12 unintentional migrations of aquatic insects
-27 importations of insects as a means of biological control
question
How many invasive aquatic plants in Fl?
answer
-19 (ex. hydrilla, alligator weed, water lettuce, & water hiason)
question
How many species of introduced mollusks in Fl?
answer
- 6 (ex. asian clam)
question
How many non-native marine species in Fl?
answer
β’ 31 marine species
question
How many non-native freshwater fish in FL?
answer
β’ 32
(Ex. blue talapia, walking catfish, black-chin talapia, lack acara most widely spread)
question
How many non-native reptiles and amphibians in FL?
answer
β’ 36 reptile & 3 amphibian species
-marine toad, cuban tree frog, spectacled caiman (gator)
question
How many non-native bird species in FL?
answer
β’ 11 bird species
ex. muscovy duck
question
How many non-native mammal species in FL?
answer
β’ 18 mammal species
ex. nutria
question
South American Channeled apple snail
answer
Devastating to waterways, eats all algae, taking away habitat for native wildlife
question
Invasive Arthropod Working Group
answer
- formed in 2006 due to insects invading FL at alarming rate (1 species a month)
β’ Invading arthropods pose significant problem
- Small size
- Mobility
β’ framework needed to coordinate prevention & management efforts
β’ improve detection, control and education programs
question
Key elements for success when dealing with invasive species
answer
research, education and outreach
question
Uf contributes through:
answer
Institute of food and agricultural science
question
2003 Statewide Strategic Plan
answer
- 18 action items within the following categories:
β’ Statewide coordination & inter governmental cooperation
β’ Preventing new invasions
β’ Surveillance
β’ Rapid Response
β’ Control and management
β’ Public education
question
Invasive Species Working Group
answer
- composed of 13 representatives from 9 state agencies and the University of Florida
-recognized that successful implementation of the 2003 plan can only happen with the involvement of INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, and BUSINESSES effected by IS
question
ISWG financial expenditures + Federal and local gov
answer
400 million annually
question
In the 1990s two Mediterranean fruit fly infestations cost tax payers
answer
50 million to eradicate
question
To keep Asian citrus cankers from spreading to central south fl officials:
answer
conducted a multi-year 300 million dollar project
question
To control invasive aquatic wetland plants how much money has been spent since the 1980s?
answer
more than 240 million
question
1999-2000
answer
More than 90 million spent by 9 state agencies
question
February 3rd 1999
answer
Clinton signed executive order to est. National Invasive Species council
13 federal agencies part of the council
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of the Canvas Course Management System?
answer
Global Access
question
-To return to the Canvas User Dashboard, click on UF's logo located in?
answer
Global Navigation
question
-Florida is conducive to biological invasions because of its?
answer
Climate (similar to tropics)
World trade in plants and animals
Island - like geography
question
-A species that is not native to the United States is considered?
answer
Exotic; Nonindigenous; Alien
question
-The term used to describe the means by which species are transported to new ecosystems?
answer
Pathway
question
-Control costs for Alien Plant Species in Australia (APS) and elsewhere are derived primarily from costs for?
answer
Herbicides
question
-Cost/Benefit analysis of controlling the invasive Paterson's Curse in Australia led to the adoption/implementation of?
answer
Biological control
question
-The most costly invasive arthropod in Australia because of its direct and indirect impacts on the livestock industry is the?
answer
Cattle tick
question
-The marine northern pacific seastar is recognized worldwide as a significant pest of aquaculture, commercial and recreational fisheries because of its?
answer
Tremendous reproductive potential, impact on shellfish, and ability to regenerate body parts
question
-In Tasmania and Australia, there are surprisingly no human mortalities attributed to established?
answer
Bees/Wasps, spiders or snakes
question
-One of the two most important woody weeds in New Zealand is?
answer
Scotch broom
question
-In New Zealand, the total cost for weed control is separated into which of the following?
answer
DE (defensive expenditure) & LEO (loss of economic output)
question
-The most important and widespread vertebrate pest in Australia is the?
answer
Rabbit
question
The impact of invasive vertebrates on the livestock industry in Australia includes:
answer
pasture degradation, Disease vectors, Predation
question
-Which of the following is a dairy pasture weed in New Zealand that is resistant to herbicides?
answer
Giant buttercup
question
-New Zealand's native vertebrate fauna is dominated by?
answer
Reptiles & Birds
question
The stoat was purposely introduced into New Zealand for biological control of:
answer
Rabbit
question
-The decline in rabbit populations in New Zealand following the release of the rabbit calicivirus disease led to an increase in the?
answer
European Hare
question
-Because over 90% of the invertebrate pests in New Zealand are aliens, new legislation was enacted in 1993 called the:
answer
Biosecurity Act
question
Characteristics that led to the successful invasion of New Zealand by ___________ include: Globalization of trade, short generation time, high reproductive rate and dispersal capacity, broad host range, and production of thousands of workers following a single mating.
answer
Social wasps, german wasps and common wasps
question
What percentage of global animals are known?
answer
- Only 15% Known; Limited Knowledge about other (85%)
β’ Numerous non-native species invading every nation, e.x., Johnson grass, cats
question
Feeding the world
answer
β’ < 0.01 % of the known plants feed ~ 90% of world's population!!
β’ Only 8 animals provide meat, milk and eggs
question
Impact of IS 2nd only to:
answer
human induced habitat destruction
question
How do IS cause loss of biodiversity
answer
β’ Competition / displacement of native species
β’ Predation
β’ Hybridization - loss of genetic integrity (ex. mallard duck mating with model duck) may not have any pure model ducks in FL in 100-200yrs
question
Charles Elton
answer
- father of IS awareness
β’ First to investigate problem worldwide
β’ Wrote book highlighting difficulty in controlling IS
question
Australian Plants
answer
Plants β’ # introduced plants = # native plants
question
True/False: Since Australia is isolated it has been been protected from invaders
answer
Relative isolation has NOT provided protection from invaders
question
Weeds in Austrailia
answer
β’ Weeds impact crops systems, pastures & horticulture
-Developed and implemented first weed biological control programs (ex. prickly-pear cacti)
question
Vertebrates in Austrailia
answer
~40% of est. species are invasive
-cost austrailia about $500 mil a year
question
Cactus mouth in NA
answer
-invasive species that feeds on native cacti, bane in U.S.
question
what arthropods cause injuries and death to humans and livestock in Australia?
answer
β’ Bees, wasps, ticks, flies- human, livestock & wildlife injuries & death
β’ Mosquitoes- by transmitting disease
question
what arthropods damage crops and forests in Australia?
answer
Mites & wood wasps- damage crops & forests
question
Arthropods cause ____ in damages in Austrailia
answer
$5 billion/year
question
Plants in New Zealand
answer
Currently, ~ equal # of native & non-native species
-Controlling/preventing weeds cost $276 million
-Uncontrolled Species Cost $300 mil in damages
question
Vertebrates in New Zealand
answer
-Ecological catastrophe following human arrival to NZ:
-European settlers added > 90 aliens
- Cattle & sheep beneficial to NZ
question
Maori settlers introduced _____ & _____ to NZ causing
answer
dogs & rats; 60 native birds became extinct
question
How many species are now considered weeds in the US?
answer
-128 sp. now weeds of agri- & horticulture
-Cost 34 billion in damage & control
-Weed impacts:
β’ Direct- displace native plants
β’ Indirect- reduce fauna associated w/ natives
-Most damage occurs in natural areas of the South & West
question
-Cogongrass, melaleuca
answer
prob in everglages
question
hydrilla
answer
-developed resistance to herbicides so now turning to pathogens and insects for biological control
question
Vertebrates in the US
answer
-Costs for rodents & cats: $47 billion
-Other pests include feral hogs, pigeons, starlings, cogui frog,
question
Probs w/ Burmese python
answer
(preying on raccoon and possums
question
European & Asian carp in US
answer
(concerned about getting into lake Michigan from Chicago and causing probs w/ native fish)
question
Invertebrates in US cost ____
answer
$15 billion a yr, b/c of Invasive insects that disrupt crops & forests cost
question
Pathogens in US costs
answer
Crop & forest diseases cost ~ $13 billion a yr
-HIV / AIDS & influenza cost ~ $92 billion
-Also have new viruses coming into play from things like mosquitoes (dengue, ebola, tb)
question
What 2 pathogens are negatively impacts FL citrus industry
answer
FL citrus cancker and green disease
question
Laurel wilt
answer
- fungus transmitted by beetles
- have negative effect on native red bay trees
question
World Overview Summary: # of IS; overall cost; human diseases;
answer
-120 K Non-native organisms est. in 7 countries
-Cause $300 billion in damages & control
-Origin & spread of human diseases still not well known
β’ > 4 billion infected w/ tuberculosis & malaria
β’ AIDS, flu & syphilis cause >40 K US deaths
question
Why will IS remain to be a global issue
answer
Because there's globalization (movement and trade) of people & products
-tourism, illegal immigration etc.
question
Number of total Alien Plant species in Australia
answer
No. of alien plant species (APS) unknown, but estimated at 27,000
β’ 10 to 15 % naturalized
Regional variation in APS
β’ Offshore islands esp. vulnerable, > 50%
β’ Consistent w/ Island Biogeography Theory
no. of naturalized APS increasing by about 5 per yr
question
Island Biogeography THeory
answer
-Geographic isolation of islands causes dominance of very few native species so when invasive species enter, it can have a devastating effect
-islands have simple ecosystems so seeds from nearing islands may enter offshore islands and have population explosions
question
Influence of APS on crops and pastures in Australia
answer
β’ Crop spp. mostly alien economic plants
β’ Pasture grass in S. Australia also alien
β’ Origin- Mediterranean Europe
β’ Some pasture sp. negatively impact crops
β’ e.x. Trifolium subterraneum
question
Presence of APS entails control costs in the following areas:
answer
β’ Mechanical
β’ Cultivation of crop lands
β’ Cultural
β’ Resowing pastures
β’ Chemical
β’ Spraying w/ herbicides
β’ Biological
β’ Host specific natural enemies
-Combining all of these areas to deal with the IS is known as integrated pest management
question
How do APS economically impact pasture and crops in Australia :
answer
APS reduce crop & pasture yields
β’ Contaminate agricultural products
Take Home Message: Negative impacts of APS far outweigh positive ones
question
How do APS impacts livestock in Austrailia
answer
β’ Negatively impact livestock
-Direct: poisoning
-Indirect: poor performance (too many weeds=less grass & less wool)
-Some APS could be mutagen (alter DNA) or teratogenic (effect fetus or embryo)
ex.) sheep can eat a toxic plant (subterranen clover) that can cause abortion or birth defects
question
Example of APS crops that lead to revenue loss in Australia :
answer
β’ Wild Oats,
β’ Skeleton weed,
β’ Mexican Feather Grass,
β’ Spanish Thistle,
β’ Blackberry-considered invasive in Austrailia and disliked
question
Example of APS pastures that lead to revenue loss in Australia :
answer
β’ Serrated Tussock,
β’ Paterson's Curse or Salvation Jane most animals are either positive or negative, but plants are commonly seen as liked by some and disliked by others
β’ Cost/Benefit Analysis led to biological control
question
Impacts on Natural Ecosystems:
answer
- APS may impact both agro- & natural systems
- Effects can be positive, negative or neutral
- APS may provide food and refuge for other alien organisms
question
Cat Claw Mimosa
answer
Positive: Can cause increase in pop. of rare marsupial mouse
Negative: Loss of native sedgelands which are food for native geese
question
Salt Cedar
answer
Positve: Increase in native insectivorous irs, plus combats insect problems
Negative: Loss of native eucalyptus b/c salt cedar uses up a lot of water, and just outcompetes eucalyptus, which is ad for Koalas; some bird and reptiles negatively effected as well
Neutral to grain feeding birds
question
By early 1900s, Prickly Pear invaded
answer
β’ Large parts of Queensland & New South Wales β’
30 million acres in Queensland completely covered
In 1925, cactus-feeding moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, introduced to Australia with amazing result
question
In 1925, cactus-feeding moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, introduced to Australia with amazing result
answer
Cacti problem solved w/in a few years
question
St. John's Wart
answer
- used as anti-depressant
- first plant to be targeted w/ biological control in the U.S.
question
Pattersons curse/Salvation Jane
answer
-problem in Austrilia
- liked by ranched b/c its high in omega-3 fatty acids (good for livestock)
-can cause skin irritation, allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
-contains alkyloids which can interfere w/ liver in sheep
question
Parthenium weed
answer
contact dermatitis (esp. in men)
question
Hemlock & Thorn Apples
answer
Can cause death in ingested
question
APS Impact on Animals
answer
Ingestion may cause sickness or death
Effects can be acute or chronic, +/-
question
Phalaris & Ryegrasses
answer
-Contain alkyloids that cause staggers (like drunk walking) and death in sheep
question
Silyum Thistle
answer
Contains nitrate ions and causes blood poisoning
question
Brassicaceae
answer
Contains cryogenic compounds
question
Oxalidacee & Polygonaceae
answer
Produce highly toxic oxalates
question
Conclusions
answer
Monetary costs are high due to
β’ Agricultural Losses
β’ Human Health Effects
More problems are anticipated
β’ Increase in APS
β’ Herbicide Resistance
Negative impacts on biodiversity are difficult to quantify
question
What are some of the aspects that lead to the enormous numbers of devastating adventive invertebrates arrived in Australia?
answer
β’ Human & animal migration
β’ Transportation of goods
β’ Weather patterns
β’ Shorter travel times
increase vector survival
question
When did movement of new species into Austrailia begin?
answer
Began with human colonization-
1780s
β’ Mosquitoes, lice, stored
food insects
Would move from ships onto land
question
Aedes Mosquitoes
Economic impacts:
answer
β’ Medical control costs
β’ Worker absence (from infected people)
β’ Lost tourism revenue
β’ Ae. aegypti - Annually $2-17 million
Dengue unlikely to become endemic????
β’ Lack of reservoir hosts
β’ Sparse human pops. outside cities
question
Aedes Mosquitoes
answer
problematic b/c theyre vectors of Dengue (flu like symptoms) &
Hemorrahgic Fever (internal bleeding)
β’ Aedes aegypti -
Urban infections
β’ Ae. albopictus -
Rural infections
Austrailia epidemic since mid 19th century
MOrtality rate from dengue infections in 50%
question
Aedes Mosquitoes
Recent Developments
answer
β’ Dengue reintroduced into Queensland from Indonesia in Nov
2008
β’ DART failed to control outbreak
β’ Emergency Response Team activated but slow to respond
β’ Incident Management Team created but lacked expertise
to deal w/ disease
β’ Outbreak eventually declined 18 months later- May 2009
β’ Arrival of H1N1 Virus managed using new disaster response
approach
question
Aedes Mosquitoes Cost Estimationdue to work loss
answer
β’ Pre-1990, cost of work lost due
to Dengue outbreaks: $2 billion
-currently annual cost of work tost is 2.3 billion
β’ Since 2000, increase in Dengue
outbreaks due to airport construction in Cairns
β’ Difficult to justify that Dengue is
not endemic in Australia
β’ Gov't recommendation to collect/
store rain water in containers will
likely exacerbate problem
question
Culex gelidus Mosquito Impacts
answer
β’ Breeds near livestock
pens => High nutrient
loads
β’ Vector of Japanese
Encephalitis (JE) & other
flaviviruses in Northern
Territory
question
Effects of JE
answer
β’ Headaches, fever, convulsions, coma,
death
β’ Hospitalization 14 days
β’ 10-50% mortality rate
β’ 40% of survivors suffer permanent mental /physical problems
β’ Require chronic care
β’ Vaccine 95% effective
β’ Horses and pigs also affected
question
When was the European Honey Bee introduced to Austrailia and why?
answer
β’ European Honey Bee
introduced in 1822 for honey production
question
Honey bee Impacts
answer
β’ Aside from snake fatalities, bee (and wasp) stings leading
cause of death from venomous organisms
β’ Note: Hospitals code bee and wasp stings together (so maybe the bees are stingly less than the wasps but we dont know
β’ US $10 million annual hospital expenditures
β’ Economic impact of bees overwhelmingly positive despite
human stings
question
Invasive Wasp (vespula germanica) impact
answer
β’ In contrast to bees, exotic
wasps inflict damage w/ no
redeeming benefit
β’ Introduced in 1954, established
in Tasmania 1959, mainland
Australia 1977
β’ Wasp populations surged
until National Control
Strategy implemented in 1997-
1998
β’ Increased costs for horticulture, health care, tourism & nest
destruction
β’ Surprisingly, no human fatalities directly attributable to V.
germanica
question
Social Wasps as Invaders
answer
β’ Queens seek refuges in
transported goods
β’ Globalization of trade
β’ Production of 1000s workers
following single mating
β’ Short generation time & high
reproductive rate
β’ High dispersal capacity
β’ Survival in range of habitats &
climates
β’ Lack of natural enemies
β’ Broad diet
β’ Absence of competing queens
during invasion process
question
Problems associated w/ invasive fire ants
answer
β’ Resistance to 'natural' & chemical controls
β’ Ecological, agricultural & health problems
β’ Sting > 50% of endemic human pops annually
β’ Production & control costs in US- > $250 million
β’ USDA biobased area wide control program implemented
recently
-eradication efforts ongoing
question
Solenopsis Fire Ants Impacts
answer
β’ Effects of S. geminata - Limited
to northern territories
β’ S. invicta discovered in S.
Queensland in 2001
β’ Suspected origin- US or SA
question
Cattle Tick Intro
answer
β’ Introduced in 1872 from Batavia
β’ Distribution determined by low temp
β’ Not established in Victoria,
Tasmania & the South
question
Impacts of cattle tick
answer
β’ Direct:
- Loss of condition, anemia,
death, damaged hides
-Loss of milk production, calves
β’ Control Costs:
-Stock handling, acaricides,
toxicity, quarantine
Indirect (tick borne diseases)
β’ Vaccines, treatment, handling
costs
β’ Most costly invasive arthropod
($134 million)
question
Old World Screw-worm Fly
answer
β’ Papua NG (where fly est..) only 3
km from Australia
β’ Fly capable of dispersing ~ 11 km
β’ Intercepted on boats in Darwin Harbor
β’ Obligate parasite of mammals
β’ Cause cutaneous myiasis: condition where flies lay eggs in a wound and then larvae feed on flesh
question
Old World Screw-worm Fly
Potential Impacts
answer
Direct effects:
β’ Damaged hides & muscle
β’ Declines in production
β’ Treatment costs, deaths
β’ SIT- effective eradication program:
introduce sterile males into the pop.
question
Papaya Fruit Fly
answer
β’ First Detected in 1995
β’ Attacks Wide Variety of
Fruit & Vegetables
β’ Presence Resulted in
Trade Bans
β’ Successful Eradication
Program- 1996
question
Possible Strategies for Growers due to Papaya Fruit Fly
answer
β’ Accept Pest & Redirect Exports to Papaya FF Countries
****Continue Exporting to Premium Market (best price on fruit)
- Incur High Treatment Expense
β’ Redirect Exports to Domestic Market
- Incur Losses from Surplus
question
Citrus Canker Impacts
answer
β’ Unsightly fruit edible but
unsalable
β’ Symptoms:
β’ Lesions on stems,
leaves, fruits
β’ Premature leaf drop
β’ Loss of plant vigor
β’ Dispersal via infected plant
material, wind,
contaminated equipment
question
Citrus Canker
answer
β’ Causative agent bacterium
β’ Native to Asia on citrus & its
relatives
β’ Spread to New World, Middle
East & Pacific region
β’ Affects oranges, grapefruit, limes,
etc.
question
Citrus Canker through the yrs
answer
β’ Disease first detected in Northern Territory in 1900s but
eradicated by tree removal
β’ New outbreak in 2004
β’ Central Queensland- 3 orchards
β’ Eradication declared in February 2009
β’ Response program implemented by governments
β’ Removal of commercial & non-commercial citrus & native
hosts
β’ Restrictions on replanting & introduction of potential hosts
β’ Intensive surveillance program
β’ Since 2005, costs for responses to exotic pests shared by
gov't & private sector programs
β’ Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed
β’ Similar program for pests of livestock but NO comparable
program for weeds, aquatic invaders or vertebrate pests.
question
Banana Skipper Impacts
answer
β’ Cause production losses (~ $70
million)
β’ Biological control program
implemented in Papua NG (~$700
K)
β’ Successful biocontrol program
could reduce losses to $3 million
annually
β’ Example of a 'Short Route'
biocontrol program
β’ Transferring a successful
program to new area
β’ Reduced costs because R&D
already done
question
European House Borer Impacts
answer
β’ Destructive conifer timber
pest
β’ First detected in Perth
(2004)
β’ National Control
Campaign implemented
2007
β’ Three alternative response scenarios:
β’ Do nothing- Estimated costs $120 million over 30 years
β’ Gov't ban of wood from infested area- compliance costs
reduced to $37 million but $1 million in damage still expected
question
Honey and Leafcutter Bees
answer
Apart from biocontrol agents, few
examples of beneficial exotic arthropods
Impacts
β’ Major economic benefits
β’ Beekeeping industry ($60-$65 million)
β’ Production of honey, wax, and queen bees
β’ Crop pollination
β’ Apples, cotton, citrus, onions & mangoes
β’ Conservative estimate ($1.2 billion)
Impacts:
β’ Nitrogen enrichment of soil by bee pollinated pasture legumes (~$1.9 billion)
β’ Benefits not w/o costs if parasite
invades
β’ Varroa Mite (parasite of honey bees)
question
Marine Invaders
answer
Australia has extensive coastline w/
numerous ports
Vulnerable to invasion by invertebrate marine spp. via:
β’ International shipping
β’ Discharge of ballast water
β’ Attachment to vessel hulls
β’ Importation for aquarium trade
β’ Deliberate introduction
β’ Transport in fishing equipment
In 1995, National Introduced Marine Species Port Survey program
created
β’ To date, 170 exotic species discovered
question
Black Striped Mussel Impacts
answer
β’ Detected in Darwin marinas in 1999
β’ First recorded marine pest
β’ Closely related to Zebra mussel in
USA
β’ Economic impact > $600
million/year
β’ In India, BSM colonies impacted
intertidal & sublittoral structures,
vessels
β’ In Australia, predicted to invade
oyster farms, marine pumping
facilities, recreational /inshore
vessels, & all port facilities
β’ Potential environmental impact substantial
question
Northern Pacific Seastar Impacts
answer
β’ First discovered near Hobart, AU in
1986
β’ Well- adapted predator of shellfish
but consumes any animal tissue
β’ Tremendous reproductive potential
β’ 1998- 50 specimens in Port
Philip Bay
β’ 1999- Increased to 12 million in
1 year
β’ In 1999, pollution of Derwent
Estuary linked to high seastar
population
β’ Recognized worldwide as
significant pest of aquaculture,
commercial & recreational fisheries
β’ Threat to marine environment
question
European Fan Worm Impacts
answer
β’ First discovered in
Western AU in 1965
β’ Ballast water
suspected vector
β’ Dominant species in
Port Philip Bay
β’ Threat to scallop beds
β’ Efficient phytoplankton filter feeder
β’ Allows seagrass beds to overgrow
β’ Intense food competition detrimental to native shellfish
β’ IMO implemented obligatory international framework for ballast water
management in 1998
β’ National system for prevention & management of marine pest
incursions adopted 2003
question
New Zealand Screw Shell
Impacts
answer
β’ Inadvertently introduced into
southeastern Tasmania in
1920s
β’ Colonized more territory in
Australia than any other exotic
benthic pest!!!
β’ Tolerates wide range of
temperatures & depths
β’ Hard shell immune to predation
β’ Concern for scallops and native screw shells
β’ Prolific breeder
β’ Live & dead shell cover sea floor to depth of 80 meters!!!
β’ Dead shells detrimental to other sea floor inhabiting
animals
question
Summary
answer
Introduced insect costs:
β’ Production losses ~ $4.7 billion
β’ Control Costs ~ $750 million
β’ Total > $5 billion !!!
Pest status of insects
β’ Major pests- 50%
β’ Sporadic pests- 23%
β’ Minor pests- 10%
Does NOT include pre-1971 pests
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