The Science Of Nutrition Chapter 7

1) The process of making large molecules from smaller ones is called: A) catabolism. B) anabolism. C) hydrolysis. D) metabolism.

2) The process of breaking down large molecules to release energy is called: A) catabolism. B) anabolism. C) hydrolysis. D) metabolism.

3) The primary high-energy molecule in human metabolism is: A) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). B) alcohol. C) glucose. D) adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

4) Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production? A) ribosome B) cytoplasm C) endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondrion

5) An anabolic reaction in which water is released as a by-product is called: A) hydrolysis. B) dehydration synthesis. C) phosphorylation. D) dephosphorylation

6) Disaccharides are formed by what type of reaction? A) dehydration synthesis B) hydrolysis C) hydrogen bonding D) phosphorylation

7) Disaccharides are catabolized to monosaccharides through a ________ reaction. A) dehydration synthesis B) hydrolysis C) phosphorylation D) hydrogen bonding

8) Which of the following reactions represents dephosphorylation? A) breakdown of ATP B) synthesis of sucrose C) breakdown of maltose D) synthesis of glucose phosphate

9) In oxidation-reduction reactions, what is exchanged? A) electrons B) neutrons C) protons D) quarks

10) The final stage of glucose oxidation, which is carried out in the inner membranes of the mitochondria, involves which series of reactions? A) oxidation-reduction B) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle C) electron transport chain D) beta-oxidation

11) A molecule that gives up electrons is: A) reduced. B) condensed. C) oxidized. D) hydrolyzed.

12) The oxidation-reduction reactions that produce energy require which of the following coenzymes? A) vitamin C B) B-vitamins C) minerals D) antioxidants

13) Oxidative phosphorylation metabolism ultimately yields: A) carbon dioxide. B) nitrogen and sucrose. C) ATP and water. D) glucose.

14) The first step of glycolysis is: A) deamination of glucose. B) dephosphorylation of glucose. C) phosphorylation of glucose. D) condensation of glucose to lactate.

15) What is the end product after glucose undergoes glycolysis? A) glucose-6-phosphate B) pyruvate C) glucagon D) maltose

16) The glycolysis of glucose occurs in which cellular component? A) mitochondrion B) cytosol C) nucleus D) intercellular fluid

17) In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to: A) acetyl CoA. B) phosphoenolpyruvate. C) lactic acid. D) citrate.

18) Which of the following cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production? A) liver cells B) epidermis C) red blood cells D) neurons

19) How many ATP are produced in anaerobic glycolysis from one pyruvate molecule? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

20) When oxygen is plentiful, pyruvate from glucose is converted to: A) acetyl CoA. B) glycogen. C) fatty acid. D) lactic acid.

21) Which molecule is common to the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, and alcohol? A) phosphofructokinase B) hexokinase C) carnitine D) acetyl CoA

22) The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a continuous circle of how many metabolic reactions? A) 4 B) 8 C) 11 D) 21

23) The reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate yields ________, the starting molecule in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. A) pyruvate B) citrate C) ATP D) carbon dioxide

24) The catabolism of triglycerides is called: A) glycolysis. B) TCA. C) lipolysis. D) lipogenesis.

25) Which of the following enzymes facilitates the release of fatty acids into the blood? A) hormone-sensitive lipase B) hexokinase C) pepsin D) peptidase

26) Which of the following metabolic pathways occurs in the cytosol of the cell? A) glycolysis B) TCA C) electron transport chain D) beta-oxidation

27) Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood? A) low carbohydrate availability B) low levels of acetyl CoA due to increased fat mobilization C) excess of tricarboxyl acid (TCA)-cycle intermediates D) high-carbohydrate diet

28) Glucose is stored in the body as: A) triglyceride. B) glycogen. C) fatty acid. D) gluconeogenesis.

29) The process of producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called: A) glycolysis. B) gluconeogenesis. C) glycogenolysis. D) lipolysis.

30) The primary anabolic hormone is: A) cortisol. B) epinephrine. C) glucagon. D) insulin.

31) Which hormone secreted by the pancreas triggers the catabolism of glycogen? A) glucagon B) epinephrine C) testosterone D) cortisol

32) Which metabolic pathway will predominate after eating a balanced meal? A) lipolysis B) gluconeogenesis C) oxidative glycolysis D) deamination

33) Fruity breath is a sign of: A) lipolysis. B) ketoacidosis. C) lacticacidosis. D) glycogenolysis.

34) Juan ate a healthy, well-balanced meal three hours ago and is resting comfortably on the couch. Which metabolic pathway is providing most of his ATP? A) beta-oxidation B) glycolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) lipogenesis

35) The end products of deamination are ammonia and: A) nitrogen. B) carbon skeleton. C) ATP. D) carbon dioxide.

36) The oxidation of alcohol occurs primarily in the: A) pancreas. B) stomach. C) bloodstream. D) liver.

37) For a person who chronically abuses alcohol, which pathway becomes important in metabolizing large amounts of alcohol? A) microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) B) first pass C) alcohol dehydrogenase D) aldehyde dehydrogenase

38) In the first step of alcohol oxidation, the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts ethanol into: A) methanol. B) pyruvate. C) acetaldehyde. D) acetyl CoA.

39) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be synthesized from adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) through the process of: A) phosphorylation. B) dephosphorylation. C) hydrolysis. D) deamination.

40) The primary energy molecule for human metabolism is: A) glucagon. B) adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C) adenosine diphosphate (ADP). D) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).

41) What is the name of the molecule that results from the removal of two phosphates from ATP? A) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) B) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) C) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) D) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

42) What are the three end products of the oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism? A) glucose, pyruvate, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) B) sucrose, lactate, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) C) acetyl CoA, nitrogen, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) D) water, carbon dioxide, and ATP

43) The removal of a phosphate is called: A) dephosphorylation. B) deamination. C) hydrolysis. D) oxidation-reduction.

44) A cofactor that contains carbon is known as a: A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) coenzyme. D) carnitine.

45) Which of the following activates the phosphorylation of glucose? A) glucokinase B) glucagon C) pyruvate D) ammonia

46) Which of the following binds the different parts of an enzyme together to speed up a metabolic reaction? A) calorimeter B) lactate C) ketone D) cofactor

47) What is the first step in the body's metabolism of alcohol? A) Acetate is converted to acetyl CoA. B) Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) produces acetaldehyde. C) Aldehyde dehydrogenase produces acetate. D) P450 enzymes produce acetyl CoA.

48) Petra is an endurance athlete who has just completed the Boston Marathon. Which of the following foods would BEST help her replenish her glycogen stores? A) fried chicken B) whole-milk mozzarella C) sirloin steak D) spaghett

49) When we eat more Calories than we need, the body responds by using: A) fat for energy and carbohydrates for storage as glycogen. B) protein for energy and carbohydrates converted to body fat. C) carbohydrates for energy and dietary fats stored as body fat. D) ketones for energy and proteins converted to body fat.

50) As we sleep, the body maintains blood glucose levels by synthesizing glucose through: A) gluconeogenesis. B) lipolysis. C) proteolysis. D) hydrolysis.

51) Carbohydrates, ketogenic amino acids, and alcohol can be converted to body fat through the process of: A) proteolysis. B) lipogenesis. C) lipolysis. D) liposuction.

52) Which process plays a critical role in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids? A) gluconeogenesis B) transamination C) ketosis D) lipogenesis

53) In response to a drop in blood glucose, the concentration of the hormone ________ increases to stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen. A) insulin B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) cortisol

54) During exercise, which hormone stimulates the breakdown of stored energy? A) insulin B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) estrogen

55) Elevated levels of the hormone ________, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle, have been linked to an increased risk of excess belly fat and glucose intolerance. A) insulin B) glucagon C) epinephrine D) cortisol

56) For people with type 2 diabetes, the hormone insulin triggers: A) glycogen, triglyceride, and protein anabolism. B) protein catabolism. C) essential fatty acid catabolism. D) glucose catabolism.

57) After a meal has been consumed and its nutrients absorbed, what are the primary metabolic processes occurring in the body? A) anabolic B) catabolic C) gluconeogenic D) ketonic

58) Evan is a well-nourished adult who weighs 70 kg (about 154 lbs.). How much energy reserve would his body typically store in the form of glycogen? A) 15 kg B) 2 kg C) .2 kg D) .002 kg

59) In order to be used to produce energy for the body, protein—unlike carbohydrates and lipids—must first be stripped of: A) carbon. B) nitrogen. C) hydrogen. D) oxygen

60) Catabolism results in a release of chemical energy.

61) The process of making larger molecules from smaller ones is called anabolism.

62) Glycolysis requires oxygen.

63) A majority of the body's ATP is produced in the mitochondrion

64) The hydrolysis of sucrose produces two molecules of glucose.

65) In anaerobic metabolism lactate is converted to glucose.

66) In the presence of oxygen pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.

67) Fatty acids can be converted to glucose.

68) A ketone body can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis.

69) Amino acids produce more ATP than glucose or fatty acid can generate.

70) Glycogen stores are the body's most abundant energy source.

71) Oxaloacetate is a metabolic intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

72) Amino acids are stored in the body for energy.

73) Two of the B-vitamins are essential to the oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism.

74) Muscle glycogen is used to raise blood glucose.

75) Amino acids are a primary source of ATP.

76) Drinking black coffee speeds up alcohol metabolism.

77) The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used to metabolize large amounts of alcohol.

78) Alcohol can be converted to glucose.

79) The body can store an unlimited amount of excess glucose in the form of glycogen.