Suppose that a probability is approximated to be zero based on empirical results. Does this mean that the event is? impossible?
answer
No.
When a probability is based on an empirical? experiment, a probability of zero does not mean that the event cannot occur. The probability of an event E is approximately the number of times event E is observed divided by the number of repetitions of the? experiment, as shown below. Just because the event is not? observed, does not mean that the event is impossible.
question
What does it mean for an event to be? unusual? Why should the cutoff for identifying unusual events not always be? 0.05?
answer
An event is unusual if it has a low probability of occurring. The choice of a cutoff should consider the context of the problem.
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True or False?: In a probability? model, the sum of the probabilities of all outcomes must equal 1.
answer
True. In a probability? model, the sum of the probabilities of all outcomes must equal 1.
question
Determine if the following statement is true or false.
Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or chance behavior.
answer
True. The given statement is the definition of probability.
question
In? probability, a(n)? ________ is any process that can be repeated in which the results are uncertain.
answer
experiment
In? probability, an experiment is any process with uncertain results that can be repeated. The result of any single trial of the experiment is not known ahead of time.? However, the results of the experiment over many trials produce regular patterns that enable one to predict with remarkable accuracy.
question
?A(n) ________ is any collection of outcomes from a probability experiment.
answer
event
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In a certain card? game, the probability that a player is dealt a particular hand is 0.43. Explain what this probability means. If you play this card game 100? times, will you be dealt this hand exactly 43 ?times? Why or why? not?
answer
The probability 0.43 means that approximately 43 out of every 100 dealt hands will be that particular hand.? No, you will not be dealt this hand exactly 43 times since the probability refers to what is expected in the? long-term, not? short-term.
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When a probability experiment is? run, probabilities are approximated using the ________ approach.
answer
empirical
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Suppose you toss a coin 100 times and get 52 heads and 48 tails. Based on these? results, what is the probability that the next flip results in a tail??
answer
The probability that the next flip results in a tail is approximately .48.
question
Bob is asked to construct a probability model for rolling a pair of fair dice. He lists the outcomes as? 2, 3,? 4, 5,? 6, 7,? 8, 9,? 10, 11, 12. Because there are 11? outcomes, he? reasoned, the probability of rolling a three must be 1/11. What is wrong with? Bob's reasoning?
answer
The experiment does not have equally likely outcomes.
question
probability model rules
answer
A probability model lists the possible outcomes of a probability experiment and each? outcome's probability. It has two rules.
1. The probability of any event? E, P(E), must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to one.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all outcomes must equal 1.
question
Explain the Law of Large Numbers. How does this law apply to gambling? casinos?
answer
As the number of repetitions of a probability experiment? increases, the proportion with which a certain outcome is observed gets closer to the probability of the outcome. This applies to casinos because they are able to make a profit in the long run because they have a small statistical advantage in each game.
question
Describe what an unusual event is. Should the same cutoff always be used to identify unusual? events? Why or why? not?
answer
An event is unusual if it has a low probability of occurring. The same cutoff should not always be used to identify unusual events. Selecting a cutoff is subjective and should take into account the consequences of incorrectly identifying an event as unusual.
question
If a person spins a six-space spinner and then draws a playing card and checks its color?, describe the sample space of possible outcomes using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for the spinner outcomes and B, R for the card outcomes.
answer
The sample space is S =
{1B,1R,2B,2R,3B,3R,4B,4R,5B,5R,6B,6R?}.
question
According to a certain? country's department of? education, 41.4?% of? 3-year-olds are enrolled in day care. What is the probability that a randomly selected? 3-year-old is enrolled in day? care?
answer
The probability that a randomly selected? 3-year-old is enrolled in day care is .414.
question
never
answer
?P(never)<0.05.
question
Describe the difference between classical and empirical probability.
answer
The empirical method obtains an approximate empirical probability of an event by conducting a probability experiment. The classical method of computing probabilities does not require that a probability experiment actually be performed.? Rather, it relies on counting? techniques, and requires equally likely outcomes.
The empirical method obtains an approximate probability of an even by conducting a probability experiment. The probability is approximate because different runs of the probability experiment lead to different? outcomes, and,? therefore, different estimates of the probability. The classical method of computing probabilities relies on counting? techniques, and requires equally likely outcomes. An experiment has equally likely outcomes when each outcome has the same probability of occurring.
question
Classical probability
answer
Classical probability is used when each outcome in a sample space is equally likely.
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Empirical probability
answer
Empirical probability is based on observations obtained from probability experiments.
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Subjective probability
answer
Subjective probability of an outcome is a probability obtained on the basis of personal judgment.
question
Determine whether the probabilities below are computed using the classical? method, empirical? method, or subjective method: The probability of having six girls in an six?-child family is 0.015625.
answer
Classical method
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If E and F are disjoint? events, then P(E or F) =
answer
P(E)+P(F)
question
According to a center for disease? control, the probability that a randomly selected person has hearing problems is 0.141. The probability that a randomly selected person has vision problems is 0.087. Can we compute the probability of randomly selecting a person who has hearing problems or vision problems by adding these? probabilities? Why or why? not?
answer
?No, because hearing and vision problems are not mutually exclusive.? So, some people have both hearing and vision problems. These people would be included twice in the probability.
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If E and F are not disjoint? events, then? P(E or ?F)=?________.
answer
If E and F are not disjoint? events, then? P(E or ?F)= P(E) + P(F) - P(E and F)
question
If E and F are disjoint? events, then P(E or F) =
answer
P(E) + P(F).
question
disjoint event
answer
events that have no outcomes in common
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Two events E and F are ________ if the occurrence of event E in a probability experiment does not affect the probability of event F.
answer
independent
question
The word or in probability implies that we use the ________ Rule.
answer
Addition
question
Determine if the following statement is true or false.
When two events are? disjoint, they are also independent.
answer
False.
The correct answer is False because two events are disjoint if they have no outcomes in common. In other? words, the events are disjoint? if, knowing that one of the events? occurs, we know the other event did not occur. Independence means that one event occurring does not affect the probability of the other event occurring.? Therefore, knowing two events are disjoint means that the events are not independent.
question
The word and in probability implies that we use the? ________ rule.
answer
Multiplication
question
If n greater than or equals 0n?0 is an? integer, the factorial? symbol, n!, is defined by the formulas below.
answer
?n!=(n?1)•...•3•2•1
?1!=1
?0!=1
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