Behavioral Neuroscience Final

Autoreceptors are located on the ________ and detect ________

Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport? a. Dendrograde transport involves moving substances from the dendrites to the soma b. Retrograde transport involves moving substances from the soma to the axon terminals c. The kinesin molecule is involved in anterograde transport d. Retrograde transport is twice as fast as anterograde transport e. The dynein molecule is involved in anterograde transport

With regard to release of neurotransmitter in the brain, "kiss and run" refers to the situation in which the vesicle

Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered by the

Synapses are most commonly formed between a (n) ________ and a(n) ________

Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by ________ cells

In terms of the Blood-Brain Barrier, activation of cells within the ________ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce ________

Which of the following is consistent with the "all-or-none law"? a. The action potential will diminish to near 0 mV when transmitted down a long axon b. The action potential fires at the same rate regardless of the inputs to the neuron c. The action potential is conducted more rapidly down the axon as it reaches the axon terminal d. The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold e. The action potential travels only in one direction

The most common neuron type in the central nervous system is the ________ neuron

An EPSP will be produced when a ligand a. opens a sodium channel b. closes a sodium channel c. opens a potassium channel d. closes a calcium channel e. closes a chloride channel

The ________ mediates the inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage

Which of the following is an important advantage associated with saltatory conduction? a. More sodium ions have to be pumped out of the cell after an action potential b. Myelin allows the nerve cell to recycle neurotransmitter molecules c. Less transmitter is required to send a message across the next synapse d. Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential e. Myelin requires that nerve cell axons be larger in order to conduct a signal rapidly

Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane? a. Chloride ions are concentrated inside the axon membrane b. Potassium ions are concentrated inside the cell nucleus c. The action potential is the balance point between diffusion and electrostatic pressure d. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the axon membrane e. Sodium ions are concentrated inside the axon membrane

The interior of a neuron at rest

Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that

Match up the correct receptor type and effect. a. metabotropic; direct opening of an ion channel b. ionotropic; more time required to open an ion channel c. metabotropic; G protein activation leads to activation of a second-messenger d. metabotropic; rapid opening of a single ion channel e. metabotropic; rapid short-lived effects on ion channels

Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function? a. mitochondria; extraction of energy b. Golgi apparatus; extraction of energy c. endoplasmic reticulum; breakdown of proteins d. microtubules; transport of chemicals through the cell membrane e. mitochondria; formation of vesicles

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glial cells? Select one: a. provision of nutrition to the brain b. removal of physical debris from the brain c. physical support of neurons d. insulation of nerve cells from each other e. the conduction of action potentials

The postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters are ended by a. disruption of the postsynaptic receptor b. enzymatic degradation of the transmitter molecule c. inhibition of transmitter synthesis d. facilitation of transmitter release e. reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal

The ________ is the voltage level at which an action potential is triggered in a patch of axon membrane.

Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves a. the opening of voltage-gated channels in the axon terminal b. voltage changes that open calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane c. vesicles that release transmitter molecules into the synapse d. the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials e. All are correct

A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n) a. depolarization b. threshold potential c. action potential d. hyperpolarization e. excitatory local potential

The ________ is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Surplus substances within the cytoplasm are broken down by a. mitochondria b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. the cytoskeleton e. A and C are correct

A key function of the _______ nerve cell is to transmit sensory information a. apolar b. multipolar c. unipolar d. bipolar e. both C and D are correct

Which type of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is the most prevalent?

What is the cause of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome?

The neurological disorder "Alice in Wonderland Syndrome" inspired Lewis Carroll to write his famous novel (T or F)

What is another name for Cotard's Syndrome?

Capgras Syndrome is more common in who?

Upon researching patients admitted into a psych unit for Capers Syndrome, how many cases of Schizophrenia were found?

Which part of the brain suffers a bilateral lesion in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

What disorders are related to Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Percentage of population with Congenital Amusia

Most common type of synesthesia

People with Lexical-gustatory synesthesia experience

Synesthesia can occur bidirectionally (T or F)

Umbrella term is classify delusion disorders (ex Fregoli Syndrome)

This disease is linked to development of Fregoli Syndrome

Treatment options for patients with Fregoli Syndrome

Causes of Anton-Babinski Syndrome

Anton-Babinski Syndrome is a type of

Someone who is unaware of their blindness might have

Acquired amnesia is caused from brain damage (T or F)

Which of the following do NOT belong together? a. occipital lobe; visual function b. frontal lobe; motor function c. frontal lobe; auditory function d. insular cortex; taste function e. temporal lobe; auditory function

In which view of the brain would one be able to note the presence of a specific structure in both hemispheres at the same time?

The myelencephalon contains one major structure, the ________ , which is the most caudal portion of the brain stem

The structures that comprise the basal ganglia include the

The midbrain is comprised of the

Dopamine receptors are metabotropic (T or F)

On the 28th day of embryonic development, the human brain resembles a

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding CSF? a. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus b. The total brain volume of CSF is about 125 ml c. CSF functions to cushion the brain against sharp movements d. Less than 2 hours is required to replace the total CSF volume in a human brain e. Loss of CSF would result in compression of brain tissue onto the ventral skull surface

CSF is produced within the ________ and reabsorbed into the blood by the ________

A ________ refers to a bulge of tissue located between the adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex

Axons that travel within the ________ connect the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies

The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are

The term "neuraxis" refers to

Which of the following represents the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection to cortex? a. medial geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex b. ventrolateral nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex c. lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex d. ventrolateral nucleus; projects to primary somatosensory cortex e. lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary motor cortex

A ________ section is made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground, and a ________ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground

The metencephalon is comprised of the

Neurons within the cortex are arranged in columns in part because

Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would be expected to alter

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter: a. acetylcholine; muscular movement b. dopamine; suppresses certain species-typical behaviors c. norepinephrine; facilitation of learning d. serotonin; increases vigilance e. GABA; generally activates voluntary movements

The brain floats within ________ fluid, which is contained within the ________

The ______ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and lies closest to the skull

The ________ region of cortex lies buried within a fissure between the ________ and the ________ lobes

A key function of apoptosis is

Which of the pairs belong together? a. epinephrine and adrenaline b. nicotine and glycine c. noradrenaline and norepinephrine d. serotonin and drug abuse e. A and C are correct

Which of the following would be expected following damage to cortex that lies just in front of the central sulcus? a. intense hypersexuality b. visual hallucinations c. inability to discriminate tones as low intensities d. difficulty in reading and writing e. difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body

________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record

An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure

Which of the following is true of melanopsin? a. Melanopsin is found within rods but not cones b. Melanopsin is found within cones but not rods c. Melanopsin activity is suppressed by light d. Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells e. Melanopsin in rods is a cue that resets SCN clock cells

Arousal is promoted by these neurotransmitters

Upon waking, a person who is immobilized but remains conscious may be suffering from

Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)? a. Damage to vlPOA neuron produces sleepiness b. Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA increased sleep in cats c. vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep d. Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness e. vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles? a. Sleep cycles are random across the night b. Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep c. As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle d. Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours e. Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in

Recent research suggests that ______ sleep is important for ______ memory. a. Slow-wave; nondeclarative b. REM; nondeclarative c. REM; declarative d. Slow wave; declarative e. B and D are correct

Which of the following treatments would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record? a. electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex b. damage to the locus coeruleus c. damage to the raphe nuclei d. electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei e. injection of high levels of GABA into the raphe nuclei

Circadian rhythms are

Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)

A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock

Somnambulism is synonymous with

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is

A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the

REM-ON neurons are located within the _______, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the _______

Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that

________ refers to the vivid visions that may occur during sleep paralysis

Which of the following is true of sleeping medications? a. Sleeping pills can lead to more severe insomnia b. Sleeping pills directly alter the cause of insomnia c. Insomnia is a disease that can be cured by a pill d. Unlike other drugs, persistent use of sleeping pills does not lead to tolerance e. B and D are correct

A key symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of ________

The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to

Research suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on

A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid

The muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include

With regard to facial emotional expression,

Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression? a. Predation is not accompanied by sympathetic activation in the predator b. The object of predatory attack experiences more sympathetic activation than that seen when two members of the same species engage in aggression c. A predator is highly likely to terminate the attack when the prey shows submissive behaviors d. engage in aggression e. None of these answers are correct.

fMRI and macro-electrode studies suggest the _____ receives information from the _______, which permits it to recognize facial expressions of fear

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________ communicated via ________

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

Mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor show ________, thus supporting the proposition that ________

According to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions are

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

______ is an example of a personal moral dilemma

The major components of an emotional response include

Inactivation of the central nucleus results in

Which of the following supports the contention that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CN) integrates emotional responses? a. Destruction of the CN reduces emotional responses b. Electrical stimulation of the CN produces fear and anxiety c. Conditioned emotional responses are not learned by rats sustaining CN damage d. The CN sends projects to brain regions than in turn control autonomic and behavioral emotional components e. All of the above are correct

The amygdala is involved in ________, but not in ________

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces

The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

The ______ hippocampal formation is activated by _______

The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to

People with retrograde amnesia cannot

The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is

Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________ -dependent and ________ -dependent

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________

An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the physiology of this fear response? a. Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning b. Tone-shock pairings rapidly decrease the electrical activity of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala c. Damage to the basal ganglia impairs CER learning d. Inactivation of the ventral nucleus of the amygdala during CER training blocked the formation of the CER e. Damage to the amygdala facilitates emotional responding

the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories

In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation? a. a London cab driver who has 30 years of experience b. a pigeon that wanders from roost to roost c. a bird that only eats from your back yard feeder d. a person who has just started training as a London cab driver e. a chickadee tested in the early summer

The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that

The perforant pathway

Which of the following terms are synonymous? a. nondeclarative memory; explicit memory b. declarative memory; explicit memory c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. declarative memory; implicit memory e. Hebbian memory; consolidation

A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show

Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors? a. As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia b. As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the transcortical pathways c. The behavior must result in long-term depression in the basal ganglia d. The behavior must result in long-term depression in the motor cortex e. As a person becomes proficient in the new behavior, the transcortical circuits become more depressed

The ________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires

The induction of LTP in the hippocampus would be blocked by

Associative long-term potentiation (LTP) requires ________ occur about the same time as _______

An action potential that occurs in a dendritic spine is termed

An example of relational learning is a. recognizing a familiar stimulus b. salivating in response to a favorite food c. forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room d. practicing a golf swing repeatedly results in more accurate strokes e. failing to respond to a loud sound given repeatedly

Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner" is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation that fails to produces a protein that is required for normal health would be classified as

The cause of neuron cell death after a stroke usually involves

Rabies is a type of

A person who has a series of seizures without regaining consciousness would be classified as having

An aura involving the recall of a childhood memory would most likely reflect seizure activity within the

A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves

The cause of Parkinson's disease has been traced to

Which of the following is a hereditary disorder that causes degeneration of GABA secreting neurons in the putamen of the basal ganglia? a. Huntington's disease b. Tay-Sachs disease c. Meissner's syndrome d. Down syndrome e. Parkinson's disease

Phenylketonuria is caused by

Failure to diagnose and treat pyridoxine dependency or galactosemia can result in damage to the

A key distinction is that Parkinson's disease ________ , whereas Huntington's chorea _______

A(n) ________ is an example of a malignant tumor derived from glial cells

Malignant brain tumors are deadly because such tumors a. can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid thus causing hydrocephalus b. compress adjacent brain cells c. give off cells that travel to other body areas and result in new tumors d. are difficult to completely remove from brain tissue e. All of the above are correct

Meningitis leads to damage of the brain because this disease produces

A major cause of obstructive strokes is

Prolonged interruption of the blood supply to a region of the brain results in

In contrast to simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures involve

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation that produces a protein with toxic consequences would be classified as

Surgical removal of the ________ can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease

The key characteristic of a benign tumor is that such a tumor

During the ________ of a grand mal seizure, the person experiences a(n) ________

Seizures that are caused by alcohol withdrawal involve changes in ______ signaling in the brain

A therapy for Parkinson's disease that alters MAO-B activity in nerve cells involves

A child that has Tay-Sachs disease would be expected to show

An autoimmune reaction that damages ________ is the cause of the multiple sclerosis

Someone with aprosodia cannot identify another's emotion based on facial expressions (T or F)

Parts of the brain injured in aprosodia

Over the phone, Bobby couldn't tell that his mom as angry when she told him to clean his room. What kind of aprosodia is this?

People with Charles Bonnet Syndrome only have "simple" hallucinations (T or F)

Why do people not report their hallucinations to doctors?

The psychological side effects of Charles Bonnet Syndrome can be treated with medications (T or F)

In Alien Hand Syndrome, researchers use what techniques to measure AHS?

In Alien Hand Syndrome, the right hand struggles to form a pattern while the left (alien) hand solves it easily (T or F)

Split brain patients