MGMT Test 3 Study Guide (MC)

An individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as: a. locus of control b. self-confidence c. self-efficacy d. perceptual selectivity e. cognitive dissonance

_________ refers to a positive attitude toward one's job? a. organizational citizenship b. job satisfaction c. cognitive dissonance d. organizational commitment e. job involvement

All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment, except: a. maintaining a secretive culture b. being honest and trustworthy in business dealings c. giving employees a say in decisions d. treating employees fairly e. offering employees rewards that they value

Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process? a. observing information b. screening the information c. selecting what to process d. organizing the selected data into patterns e. transmitting the observed information

In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns? a. selecting b. projecting c. organizing d. sensing e. reasoning

Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an "outstanding" based on his knowledge that she came to work every day earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perpetual judgement? a. perpetual defense b. projection c. stereotyping d. the halo effect e. figure-ground

Blaming the teacher for a poor grade on an exam, and taking credit for good grades could be an example of which perceptual bias? a. perceptual distortion b. closure activity c. self-serving bias d. stereotyping e. perceptual grouping

Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, "Frank missed that deadline because he s lazy; I really need to crack down on him more." This is an example of what kind of attribution? a. external attribution b. internal attribution c. horizontal attribution d. vertical attribution e. skewed attribution

Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being goodnatured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. emotional stability d. openness to experience e. extroversion

If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors? a. agreeableness b.conscientiousness c. emotional stability d. openness to experience e. extroversion

Traits of ______ seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations a. likability b. agreeableness c. friendliness d. openness e. sociability

Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Jason replied, "If i am lucky, I will get my old job back." Jason would be considered as having a(n): a. external locus of control b. high conscientiousness c. sensation and intuition type personality d. internal locus of control e. high Mach attitude

People with an external locus of control are: a. more achievement oriented b. better able to handle complex information and problem solving c. more independent d. easier to motivate e. easier to manage

Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely? a. high Mach b. low Mach c. high feeling d. low feeling e. moderate thinking

__________ type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information. a. feeling b. gut-feel c. intuitive d. sensation e. affective

Research shows that ________ are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade that be persuaded. a. high introverted individuals b. high authoritarians c. high Machs d. low extroverted individuals e. low Machs

Maliah bases her judgements on impersonal analysis. To resolve problems at work, she uses reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. In gathering information, Maliah prefers routine and order. Based on this information, Maliah ranks highly in which Myers-Briggs category? a. judging-perceiving b. Intuitive-thinking c. sensation-thinking d. sensational-feeling e. intuitive-feeling

A high degree of ________ means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a healthy sense of self-confidence. a. self-management b. social cohesiveness c. social awareness d. relationship management e. self-awareness

Seeking positions of power and responsibility, Chandra has rapidly moved up the ranks within her organization. Colleagues describe her as someone with a tremendous amount of energy, and a powerful force for leadership within the organization. Based on this description, Chandra has what type of personality? a. type A b. type B c. type C d. type X e. type Y

Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these, except: a. impatience b. devotion to work c. aggressiveness d. relaxed lifestyle e. extreme competitiveness

The first step toward better time management is to: a. decide the first action b. empty your head c. delegate as necessary d. defer some things to be done later. e. get organized

Leadership is reciprocal, according to your text. This means: a. It is dynamic b. it is a problem-solving activity c. it occurs among people d. redundant e. it always creates conflict

_________ means being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful a. Humility b. egotism c. Altruism d. Reserved e. Assurance

The leader who stimulates high standards and champions dedication to vision is a ________ leader? a. level 1 b. level 2 c. level 3 d. level 4 e. level 5

All of the following are leadership qualities, except: a. visionary b. innovative c. promotes change d. structured e. nurtures

Which of the following is NOT a manager quality? a. maintains stability b. organizes c. analyzes d. rational e. personal power

The early research on leadership traits was referred to as the: a. contingency theory of leadership b. path-goal theory of leadership c. great man approach d. situational theory of leadership e. behavioral approach

Recently, Beagle Boutique was attempting to hire a middle manager. They were looking for an intelligent, confident, and honest individual. Which approach to leadership was beagle using? a. the contingency approach b. the situations approach c. the trait approach d. the behavioral approach e. the substitute approach

Colleen Farney at TeleTech shows vast knowledge, intelligence, cognitive ability, and keen decisiveness. Which personal characteristic of leadership is she showing? a. physical characteristics b. intelligence and ability c. personality d. social characteristics e. social background

Researchers at the Ohio State University identified two major behaviors called: a. commitment and consideration b. commitment and initiation c. consideration and initiating structure d. imitating structure and commitment e. consideration and concern for people

Wilson is viewed by his boss as driven, tenacious, and conscientious in the pursuit of his goals. These characteristics fit within which category? a. physical characteristics b. intelligence and ability c. work-related characteristics d. social background e. social characteristics

The recommended management style from the leadership grid is: a. 1,9 b. 9,1 c. 5,5 d. 1,1 e. 9,9

According to the Leadership Grid, ________ means the absence of a management philosophy, where managers evert little effort toward interpersonal relationships or work accomplishment. a. solitary management b. middle-of-the-road management c. low-road management d. authority-compliance management e. impoverished management

Two leadership styles used by Fiedler in his contingency theory were: a. employee-centered and job-centered b. consideration and initiating structure c. concern for people and concern for production d. relationship-oriented and task-oriented e. employee-oriented and relations-oriented

Marion is a great manager and he has a number of special skills. In particular, Marion has the ability to get his subordinates to do more than would be normally expected. Which of the following terms best describes Marion? a. transactional leader b. supportive leader c. charismatic leader d. people-oriented leader e. production-orenited leader

Andy's subordinates say that they love working for Andy because he inspired them to not only believe in the organization but to believe in their own potential as as well. Based on this example, Andy can best be described as what type of leader? a. transformational b. servant c. authentic d. transactional e. interactive

Which type of leader clarifies the role and task requirements of subordinates? a. transactional b. charismatic c. transformational d. supportive e. team

Which of the following is a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills? a. Passive follower b. effective follower c. alienated follower d. Conformist e. Pragmatic survivor

One of Ruby's few flaws is that she does not consider possibilities beyond what she it told, accepting her supervisor's ideas without thinking. She can best be described as what type of thinker? a. transformational b. servant c. uncritical d. transactional e. critical

Ian does not have much of a relationship with his subordinates. They feel obligated to do as he says because he's the boss. This is an example of: a. referent power b. legitimate power c. coercive power d. reward power e. expert power

Beth,a middle manager at Heather's Handbags, uses threats and punishments as ways of influencing the behavior of his subordinates. Which of the following sources of power is Beth relying on? a. Reward power b. Coercive power c. Expert power d. Referent power e. Personal power

Peter has the ability to convince others to work toward the attainment of goals. This ability is known as: a. motivation b. leadership c. commitment d. a conceptual skill e. personal agenda

All of the following are interpersonal influence tactics, except: a. help people like you b. develop allies c. rely on the rule of demand d. make use of higher authority e. ask for what you want

Which of the following is NOT one of Schmidt's five leadership precepts? a. Get to know your employees b. Create new ways to reward high performers c. Ensure the integrity of the hierarchy d. Let employees own the problems e. Have employees' performance reviewed by repeated others

Which of the following is a desired characteristic of both leaders and followers? a. Honesty b. Intelligence c. Loyalty d. Dependability e. Cooperation

A level I leader is: a. capable b. contributing c. component d. effective e. the highest level

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior? a. Commitment b. Motivation c. satisfaction d. Rewarding behavior e. Behavior modification

Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by: a. power factors b. leadership factors c. hygiene factors d. extrinsic rewards e. intrinsic rewards

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people? a. process b. reinforcement c. content d. contingency e. situational

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow is his hierarchy of needs theory? a. safety needs b. compensation needs c. physiological needs d. esteem needs e. self-actualization needs

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Nelson is motivated by which category of needs? a. Physiological b. Safety c. Belongingness d. Esteem e. Self-actualization

Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by: a. growth needs b. existence needs c. relatedness needs d. self-actualization needs e. physiological needs

According to Herzberg, ________ is an example of a hygiene factor. a. achievement b. recognition c. pay d. responsibility e. opportunity for growth

A high need for ______ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland. a. power b. achievement c. affiliation d. success e. expertise

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable? a. Goal specificity b. Goal difficulty c. Goal acceptance d. Feedback e. Goal motivation

Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity? a. Change inputs b. Change outcomes c. Distorts perception d. Leave the job e. Change equity

Samuel, sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity? a. Working harder, not smarter b. Changing outcomes c. Changing work effort d. Changing perceptions e. Leaving the job

The ________ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance. a. P -> O expectancy b. E -> P expectancy c. O -> V expectancy d. A -> Z expectancy e. V -> P expectancy

Abbi works at Railroad tires. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of rewards offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi? a. E -> P expectancy b. O -> P expectancy c. Valence d. Motivators e. O -> E expectancy

Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior ad its consequences? a. Two-factor theory b. Need hierarchy c. Reinforcement theory d. ERG theory e. Equity theory

Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement? a. Avoidance learning b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Neutral learning

One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, there professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcements techniques? a. Negative reinforcements b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Avoidance learning e. Rewards enhancement

At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of: a. vicarious learning b. self-efficacy c. self-reinforcement d. delegation e. experiential learning

Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked foursome of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone? a. some of her employees are lazy b. some of her employees are low in growth-need strength c. some of her employees have a low need for power d. all of her employees have high growth-needs e. some of her employees have low affiliation needs

The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with: a. employee growth-need strength b. experienced meaningfulness of work c. experienced responsibility d. knowledge of actual results e. demotivation

The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as: a. need for power b. need for ach. ievement c. empowerment d. passing the buck e. need of affiliation

Carla's subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee: a. pay-for-performance b. delegation c. empathy d. apathy e. engagement

_______ is necessary for communication to be considered two-way a. message b. channel c. feedback d. noise e. circuit

______ and ________ are potential sources for communication errors, because knowledge, attitudes, and background act as filters. a. encoding; channel b. encoding; noise c. decoding; channel d. decoding; encoding e. decoding; noise

Jenna composes an email from home to her boss to inform him that she will be late getting to work that day. The act of composing an email involves which stage of the communication process? a. selecting a channel b. sifting through noise c. providing feedback d. encoding the message e. decoding the message

Selina is meeting with her subordinate Mike for his annual performance review. At the end of the review, Mike tells Selina that he is confused about somethings she said. By asking Selina to explain certain things in more detail, Mike is engaging in which component of the communication process? a. selecting a channel b. sifting through noise c. providing feedback d. encoding the message e. decoding the message

When interviewing prospective employees, Samuel, a seasoned manager, often observes hand gestures, facial expressions, and use of space gauge individuals' personalities. These are all examples of: a. listening b. nonverbal communication c. empathizing d. direct communication e. nuance communication

When a group of workers have routine tasks t perform, a ______ communication structure allows more time for the task to be completed. a. linear b. centralized c. decentralized d. gossip e. team

Louise, a top-level manager at INF Inc., has the difficult task of informing 12 employees that they are about to be laid off. Which communication channel should Louise use to break the news? a. Face-to-face b. E-mail c. Instant messaging d. Telephone e. Handwritten letter

To be effective communicators, managers should: a. focus primarily on enhancing downward communication in the organization b. enhance lateral communication opportunities by encouraging teams c. limit use of the communication technology d. strictly much for face-to-face communication e. encourage the use of multiple channels of communication

Channel richness refers to the: a. number of messages a channel can carry at one time b. speed in which messages can be carried c. amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode d. numer of channels available at any one time e. profitability potential of a proposed channel

Which of the following comprises the lowest channel richness? a. Electronic mail b. Bulletins c. Face-to-face talk d. Telephone e. Memos

When informing your staff of the date for the company picnic, a ______ would be most practical and successful. a. memo b. telephone c. Video conference d. face-to-face contact e. newspaper notice

What percentage of a manager's time is spent in direct communication? a. 20% b. 100% c. 50% d. 80% e. 40%

Most executives now believe that important information flows from the: a. top down b. bottom up c. diagonal level d. horizontal level to diagonal level e. internal to external

The skills of _______ require receiving messages to accurately grasp facts and feelings to interpret the meaning of the message. a. communication b. listening c. managing d. reception e. telling

When an electronic mail system is installed as part of the communication system, what element of the communication process is changed? a. Channel b. Message c. Sender d. Filter e. Receiver

Which of the following is the most familiar and obvious flow of formal communication? a. Downward communication b. Gossips c. horizontal communication d. upward communication e. Vertical Communication

Information distortion or loss of message content is a major problem with: a. upward communication b. formal communication c. downward communication d. informal communication e. horizontal communication

Jay, a divisional vice president of a consumer goods manufacturer, gives a presentation to all divisional employees to outline the company's goals for the coming year. This is an example of what type f organizational communication. a. Virtual communication b. Grapevine Communication c. Lateral Communication d. Downward Communication e. Upward Communication

Silvia, a seasoned assembly line worker at an automobile manufacturer, want want to demonstrate to Allison, a new trainers, how her job relate to other organizational activities. This encompasses which downward communication topic? a. Goals b. Practices c. Performance feedback d. Indoctrination e. Job instructions

Upward communication is usually used to communicate information abut all of the following, except: a. suggestions for improvement b. performance reports c. indoctrination d. financial and accounting information e. grievance and disputes

What percent of the details passed through a grapevine is accurate? a. 15-20 percent b. 25-35 percent c. 40-60 percent d. 70-90 percent e. 100 percent

According to the text, all of the following are ways managers can improve their writing skills, except: a. writing lengthy explanations b. respecting the reader c. getting a second opinion d. knowing your point and get yo it e. writing clearly rather than impressively

Strategic conversations include: a. directing attention to values b. asking questions c. social media d. personal network e. inflating employee behavior

About 75 percent of effective communication is: a. listening b. telling c. asking questions d. the ability to persuade e. choosing the channel

Tamika is a manager at Sleeveless Clothes, Inc. Recently, she was assigned a work team. She is in charge of the team and it consists of the subordinates under her authority. This is an example of a _______ team. a. horizontal b. functional c. self-managed d. special-purpose e. social

A task force is sometimes called a(n): a. vertical team b. cross-functional team c. command team d. special-purpose team e. executive team

Which of the following teams are created outside the formal organization structure to undertake a project of special importance or creativity? a. vertical b. command c. special-purpose d. cross-functional e. functional

Randy is a team leader Welldrilling.net. His team is made up of fifteen co-workers. Recently, he has noticed a tendency for some team members to participate less than others. They seem uninterested and content to let others do the work. This is called: a. free riding b. reduced commitment c. power realignment d. the costs of coordination e. self-directed team

All of the following are common dysfunctions of teams, except: a. lack of trust b. avoidance of accountability c. fear of conflict d. lack of commitment e. results orientated

Work team effectiveness is based on three outcomes: productive output, capacity to adapt and learn, and: a. cohesiveness b. satisfaction c. commitment d. leadership e. norms

Effective virtual team leaders use technology to build relationships through all of the following ways, except: a. bring attention to and appreciate divers skills and opinions b. scrutinize electronic communication patters c. use technology to enhance communication and trust d. ensure timely responses online e. manage online socialization

Which of the following behaviors is NOT consistent with the socio-emotional role? a. encourage b. energize c. harmonize d. compromise e. follow

Sally is a member of a work team at Beauty-R-Us Corporation. She often proposes new solutions to team problems. This is an example of which task specialist role? a. harmonize b. seek information c. initiation d. reduce tension e. compromise

Amber is a member of a work team at Buchanon Dance, Inc. She often attempts to help disagreeing parties reach agreement. This is an example of which socio-emotional role behavior? a. compromise b. follow c. reduce tension d. harmonize e. summarize

The forming stage of team development is characterized by: a. the establishment of order and cohesion b. cooperation c. problem solving d. orientation e. conflict

Michael's team has evolved to the storming stage of team development. As team leader, what should Michael be emphasizing? a. lots of informal interaction b. participation by all team members c. task accomplishment d. goal achievement e. disbanding the team

Jessica has just been appointed leader of a new work team in her organization. She is wondering what to do at her first meeting with the group. Which of the following would you suggest? a. she should waste little time; get the team focused on the task b. she should help the team clarify roles and responsibilities c. she should allow time for team members to become acquainted with one another; allow for informal social interaction d. she should let someone else worry about this since she is the leader e. she should propose to disband the team

Fred, a software engineer, is in charge of scrutinizing electronic communication patterns as part of his role within a virtual team at work. Fred's role fulfills which virtual team practice? a. using technology to build relationships b. shaping culture through technology c. monitoring progress and rewards d. administering rewards e. using global teams to develop technology

Which of the following statements is true? a. morale is higher in cohesive teams b. productivity is lower in cohesive teams c. satisfaction is lower in cohesive teams d. morale always suffers in cohesive teams e. absenteeism rates are substantially higher with cohesive teams

Andrea is team leader of the focus group at her organization. In the past, the group was plagued by lack of cooperation and disrespect. Today, she told team members that if anyone tried to undermine another member, that person would be kicked off the team. This is an example of a(n): a. critical event b. explicit statement c. experiential carryover d. implied norms e. accommodation

_______ means that the first behaviors that occur in a team often set a precedent for later tam expectations. a. critical events b. primacy c. carryover behaviors d. explicit statements e. recency

The avoiding style of conflict resolution is based on a _______ degree of assertiveness and a _______ degree of cooperativeness. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low e. low; medium

The collaborating style conflict resolution is based on a _______ degree of assertiveness and a _______ degree of cooperativeness. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low e. low; medium

All of these behaviors are consistent with the role of a task specialist, except: a. seek information b. initiation c. summarize d. compromise e. energize

Which of the following is NOT one of the four key strategies for achieving a win-win solution through negotiation? a. separate the people from the problem b. focus on interests c. generate many alternatives for mutual gain d. insist that results be based on objective standards keep the demands at the center

_______ refers to performance and the quality of task outputs as defined by team goals. a. productive output b. satisfaction c. commitment d. capacity to adapt e. norms