Mastering Astronomy Chapter 5 Review Questions

Energy is the ability to do work whereas power is the amount of work done in a given period of time. Units used to measure power: watts

Emission ex) A light bulb emits visible light; the energy of the light comes from electrical potential energy supplied to the light bulb. Absorption ex) When you place your hand near an incandescent light bulb, your hand absorbs some of the light, and this absorbed energy warms your hand. Transmission ex) Some forms of matter, such as glass or air, transmit light, allowing it to pass through. Reflection/ scattering ex) Light can bounce off matter, leading to what we call reflection when the bouncing is all in the same general direction or scattering when the bouncing is more random

We say that light is an electromagnetic wave because light is an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. Frequency = speed of light / wavelength

"pieces," or single units of light, that have properties of particles AND waves. It's like a particle b/c they can be counted individually and can hit surfaces one at a time. And they're like waves because each one is characterized by the same properties as waves (like wavelength and frequency).

From lowest to highest energy, the different forms of light are radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. The list would be the same if you listed them from lowest to highest frequency since the energy is directly proportional to the frequency. If you listed them by wavelength, the list would be reversed since the energy is inversely proportional to the wavelength.

The atom is made of three different parts: the Electrons (negative charge), protons (positive charge), and the neutrons (no charge). The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus (the center of the atom) and the electrons fly around the nucleus. The nucleus (in comparison to the entirety of the atom) is the smallest part but holds the most mass. What determines an atom's

atomic number: the number of protons it has in its nucleus. atomic mass number: the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. Isotopes occur when there is the same # of protons, but a different # of neutrons (giving it a different mass by same atomic number)A molecule is when atoms of the same element combine.

Electrical charge is a fundamental property that describes how strongly an object will interact in electromagnetic fields. Protons and electrons would attract, but electrons and electrons would not attract.

Water will be in a solid from as ice and as it heats up it becomes a liquid form known as water. When it obtains enough energy it will become its gaseous form through a process called evaporation. A plasma is a type of hot gas in which atoms have ionized. Because a plasma contains many charged particles, its interactions with light are different from those of a gas consisting of neutral atoms, which is one reason that plasma is sometimes referred to as "the fourth phase of matter".

Electrons have quantized energy levels in all atoms, not just in hydrogen. Quantized means that they are sudden changes with no in-between level. Energy level transitions can occur only when an electron gains or loses the exact amount of energy that separates two energy levels.

Through spectroscopy. And then changing them from showing only visible light to showing the amount of radiation, or intensity, at each wavelength.

Hydrogen emits and absorbs light at specific wavelengths, therefore if youre looking at a distant cloud that produces a certain spectrum (w/ certain absorption lines), you can know its made of hydrogen. Each chemical and its ions leave different "fingerprints."

The 8000K star would 1. have a shorter wavelength of peak emission, and 2. would emit more light at all wavelengths

The Doppler Effect is when the wavelengths of spectral lines are slightly shifted depending on the velocity of the light and whether it is moving towards or away from us as it orbits the Sun. Blue-shifted (closer together) radio waves means the object is moving towards us. The Doppler effect widens the spectral lines of rotating objects because the wavelengths changes from blue or red. Blue-shifted, red-shifted, and non-shifted photons mix together to get how its rotating.

Key features of the martian spectrum include the dashed line of the continuous spectrum (caused by the Sun's reflected light), the high intensity of the scattered red light (tells us the chemical composition of Mars-its blue), the peak in the thermal radiation is in the infrared (tells us its much cooler than the Sun), emission lines in the UV (tells us Mars' atmosphere contains hot gas at high altitudes), absorption lines (tells us about CO2 in the atmosphere), and the Doppler Effect (towards red means Mars is moving away and towards Blue means towards us)

True Radio waves pass through most walls, which is why you can receive radio broadcasts and cell phone calls inside a house

False All light travels through space at the same speed of light

True Because your eyelids are warm and emit infrared radiation

False. If you were using x-ray vision, you would not be able to resolve the letters on individual pages.

False. Isotopes of the same element must differ in the number of neutrons, not protons.

True. An object must emit a red color from heat before it can emit a white color, because white is all of the colors combined.

True. When heat increases, so does the frequency and energy of the wavelengths. Because of this, some visible light would be converted to ultraviolet light.

False. You would see only blue coloring. Blue objects absorb all of the colors of the rainbow other than blue.

False. For distant galaxies, the light spectrum is wrong. The frequency lines of the spectrum are all too low. One possible explanation of the incorrect spectrum is that those stars and galaxies are moving away from us, and that the spectrum is shifted toward the red end of the color spectrumm because of the Doppler effect.

This statement makes sense. The redshift means that we see the galaxy moving away from us, so observers in that galaxy must also see us moving away from them—which means they see us redshifted as well.

C) It reflects yellow light

higher energy and shorter wavelength

a form of light

very tiny but has most of the mass

isotopes of eachother.

electrons escape from atoms

a thermal radiation spectrum.

rotation rate.

cooler

redshifted.

Light carries radiative energy that it can exchange with matter. Power is the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts: 1 watt= 1 joules/s. The colors of light contain a great deal of information about the matter with which it has interacted.

Matter can emit, absorb, transmit, or reflect (or scatter) light.

Light is an electromagnetic wave, but it also comes in individual "pieces" called photons. Each photon has a precise wavelength, frequency, and energy: The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and energy.

In order of decreasing wavelength (increasing frequency and energy), the forms of light are radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.

Ordinary matter is made of atoms, which are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms of different chemical elements have different numbers of protons. Isotopes of a particular chemical element all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Molecules are made from two or more atoms.

The appearance of matter depends on its phase: solid, liquid, or gas. Some gas always vaporizes from the solid or liquid phases; solids sublimate into gas and liquids evaporate into gas. At very high temperatures, molecular dissociation breaks up molecules and ionization strips electrons from atoms; an ionized gas is called a plasma.

Electrons can exist at particular energy levels within an atom. Energy level transitions, in which an electron moves from one energy level to another, can occur only when the electron gains or loses just the right amount of energy.

There are three basic types of spectra: a continuous spectrum, which looks like a rainbow of light; an absorption line spectrum, in which specific colors are missing from the rainbow; and an emission line spectrum, in which we see light only with specific colors against a black background.

Emission lines or absorption lines occur only at specific wavelengths that correspond to particular energy level transitions in atoms or molecules. Every kind of atom, ion, and molecule produces a unique set of spectral lines, so we can determine composition by identifying these lines.

Objects such as planets and stars produce thermal radiation spectra, the most common type of continuous spectra. We can determine temperature from these spectra because hotter objects emit more total radiation per unit area and emit photons with a higher average energy.

The Doppler effect tells us how fast an object is moving toward or away from us. Spectral lines are shifted to shorter wavelengths (a blueshift) in objects moving toward us and to longer wavelengths (a redshift) in objects moving away from us.

a Shorter Wavelength

neon atoms emit many more yellow and red photons than blue and violet photons

Be an emission line spectrum

an absorption line spectrum

Pass a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism.

lowest frequency

The Sun's hot interior produces a continuous rainbow of color, but cooler gas at the surface absorbs light at particular wavelengths.

the approximate temperature of the Sun's surface

Compare the wavelengths of lines in the Sun's spectrum to the wavelengths of lines produced by chemical elements in the laboratory.

CAN LEARN-surface temperature-speed toward or away from us-chemical composition (surface)CANNOT LEARN-mass-distance-interior temperature-size (diameter)-speed across our line of sight

Every chemical element produces a unique spectral fingerprint.

The advance of science and technology may someday provide ways to answer questions that seem unanswerable today.

Incandescent light bulbs emit generally continuous thermal spectra. CFLs and LEDs emit the light in the broad bands near specific wavelengths.

Incandescent light bulbs emit most of consumed energy in infrared wavelengths. CFLs and LEDs transfer almost all consumed energy to visible light.

Microwave ovens are tuned to emit frequencies absorbed by water molecules, not by a plastic dish.

Some clay dishes contain some water inside them.

Conduction from heated food heats the dish.

chemical composition.

an emission line spectrum

an absorption line

a continuous

An absorption line spectrum. Relatively thin photosphere of the Sun absorbs the specific wavelength from the light emitted from the hot and dense interior of the Sun.

We mean that the electrons can have only discrete values of electrical potential energy in atoms.

Electrons can make a transition from one level to another by taking in or emitting a specific amount of energy. If too much or too little energy is offered, the electron cannot make the transition.

An atom's atomic number is the number of protons it has in its nucleus.

An atom's atomic mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

Two atoms having the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons.

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bound together.

gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio waves

radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays

radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays

infrared, visible light, gamma rays, ultraviolet, radio waves, X rays ALL THE SAME SPEED

Visible light meets clear glass. Cell phone signals pass through walls.

Visible light does not pass through a black wall. Blue light hits a red sweatshirt.

White light hits a white piece of paper. Red light hits a red sweatshirt.

Light comes from your computer screen. Light comes from a light bulb.

Light is a vibration of electric and magnetic fields. ?=c??=c?.

gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves.

The ranking by frequency would have the same order, since energy is directly proportional to frequency. The ranking by wavelength would have the opposite order, because frequency and wavelength are inversely related.